机械产品方案的现代设计方法及发展趋势外文翻译@中英文翻译@外文文献翻译

The modern design method of the project of machinery product and deveolp trend Abstract:Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design at the main thinking, product program design methods into a system, modular structure, the characteristics of knowledge-based products and intelligent four types. That the four methods and the characteristics of the organic inter-linkages, product design efforts Computer direction Key words:mechanical products； Program design； Trend INTRODUCTION The rapid scientific and technological development, product performance requirements of the growing number and complexity of increased life expectancy shortened. updating speed. However, the design of the products, especially machinery products in the design means, it appears powerless, lags behind the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacture and production planning has been the subject of extensive and in-depth research and has achieved initial success, and the early stage of product development of computer-aided design program is far from meeting the design requirements. To this end, the author reading a lot of literature on the basis of summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad program design methods used in and discussed the various methods of organic link between the product and machinery design computer trend of development. Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used in the main feature, The program will be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories. 1 Systematic Design Systematic design of the main features : design as by a number of design elements of a system, Each element is independence between the various elements of an organic link, and is layered, all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized for the task Systematic design in the 1970s by a German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz. They system theory as a basis to formulate a general model designed to promote the design of rational should have. German Engineers Association in the design on the basis of formulate standards VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods. The mechanical product design process model, basically adopted the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, Many scholars in China in product design program design and also quoted from other developed systematic design, which is representative ： (1) The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, design and structure of parts design, process planning, operational control of the foundation, and the macro-product development process, the use of quality function deployment, System users will demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development objectives of the technical and operational control in order (2) The level of organisms as products of life, and the help of life-support systems theory, the product design process can be divided successfully demand levels, realize the concept of functional requirements and the level of product design level. While using the System icon lives abstract expression products to the functional requirements, and form functional product structure. (3) The mechanical design of science into two basic questions : First, to design the products as a system and to determine the best components (modules) and their mutual relations； Second, the process of product design as a system, based on the design goals, correctly, reasonably ascertain all aspects of design work and the various design stage. As each of the designers to study issues and consider the perspective of the different emphasis program used in the design of the specific research methods, there are also differences. Below introduced some representative systematic design methods. 1.1 Design Element Method Used five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector elements and the surface shape parameters) described product solution think of a product design of the five elements value is determined, all the characteristics of the products and eigen value already identified. My design scholars also used a similar method to describe the products original understanding. 1.2 graphical modeling method Developed an analysis and design guidance system KALEIT， with a clear level of graphic description of the product structure and the function of the abstract information, the realization of the structure, function graphical modeling, and the functional link between the layers Will be divided into design methods and supporting information exchange 2, Nijssen Information Analysis using methods can be used graphic symbols, with rich semantic model structure, Integration can be described conditions can be classified types of constraints can be achieved between the arbitrary combination of features Will design solutions and information technology integration, and realizing the process of designing different abstraction layers of information between the graphical modeling. 1.3 idea - design Product design into ideas and design stage two. Concept stage of the mission is to find, select and mix design tasks required to meet the original understanding. Design stage of the work is to realize the conceptual stage, the original understanding. The program will be ideas specific description: According to the functional structure suitable for the design tasks required to meet the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of the physical link between the definition of functional vector function vector and structural elements of the interaction it has developed the functional diagram (mechanical movement schematic). The program design is based on the functional diagram, first of all qualitative description of the functional vector and structural elements further quantitative description of all the structural elements and the Connector (functional vector) the shape and location The structure diagram. Roper, H. Using graph theory, using his definition of total design modules (GE) structural elements (KE), functional elements (FKE), connecting structure elements (VKE) structural components (KT), structural elements parts (KET) concept And describes elements of the structure size, location and transmission parameters of the interaction between a number of diagrams, Expert design and intuitive design of a formal description of the formation of the effective application of existing knowledge, will be applied to the concept and design stage. Design methodology from the point of view of the clear mandate of the design work is divided into three steps Design: 1) Access to function and functional structure (referred to as functional)； 2) Find effects (referred to as the effect)； 3) Find structure (referred to as the configuration Rules). And the following four strategies used to describe the conceptual stage machinery products workflow: Strategy 1 : The consideration functional Effect and configuration rules. Therefore, it can be in various steps were created variant programs, which have an extensive understanding of the original spectrum. Strategy 2: Effect and configuration rules (including designers create the rules) Association, considered in isolation function (usually associated with the design task). At this time, identify typical configuration rules and their effect needs plenty of experience. The program is far less than the spectrum of a strategy program spectrum. Strategy 3: functional and effect, configuration closely related. Applicable to the function and effects of configuration rules and there is no room for choice, with special requirements, such as ultra-small machinery, extra large machinery, high-value functional components, and special functional requirements of the parts and so on. Strategy 4: According to the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connect to achieve the desired function. 1.4 matrix design: In the program design process requirements-function logic tree (or tree) Description, function of the interaction between, met the requirements of the functional design solution set to provide different design. According the Request-functional logic tree requirement - function associated matrix, Description to meet the functional requirements for the complex relationship between shows that the functional requirements and the relationship between he gathers. Kotaetal matrix mechanical system as a basis for designing programs, include mechanical systems design space for the functional decomposition of space, each of which only said that the design of a module, abstract stage in the senior, Each module movement and a transformation matrix can operate bound vector； Abstract stage in the low-rise, Each module is represented as a matrix and equations of motion. 1.5 bond graph: Will form a system into functional components to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, Bonding and borrowing plans expression of functional components solutions, hope will be based on the functional model and Bond Graph integration, achieve functional structure of the automatic generation and functional structure and bonding between the map automatically converted, seek from the bond graph produce multiple design method. 2 The modular design structure: Products from the planning perspective: Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products, use existing product solutions (such as the common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task that the decomposition of tasks on each task to consider whether there are corresponding product solutions, Thus, in the planning stage product design to eliminate possible contradictions, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design process of adjustment, which can improve design efficiency and reliability, while also reducing the cost of new product. Feldman will describe the design of the function of the product mix is divided into four tiers, (1) product (2) functional components (3) major functional components (4) functional components . And using application-oriented features of the directory structure, the functional components for more specific qualitative and quantitative description. Meanwhile develop products suitable for the development of an early design stage and the use of the software tools STRAT. That the majority of machinery specialized function can be used existing product solutions, and with the new solution is only a small number of special features, Therefore, the exclusive use of mechanical design functions of the product mix, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacturing risks are very favorable. Promotion of the product function on the basis of the analysis, Decomposition products will have some functions into one or several of the basic modular structure, through options and combinations of these basic modular structure formed into different products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system. Ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department), and is serialized, GE, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economy, interchangeability is, compatibility and relevance. Chinas combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and deformation of composite design combined, Modular principle according to the classification of machine tools from large processing center into product level, component level, component level and the component level, and the use of expert knowledge and technology CAD their portfolio into different varieties and specifications for the functional modules, by the combination of these functional modules into different processing center overall program. Design options for the directory as a variation of the mechanical structure tools, design elements for the solution of integrity, Structure of the organization formed Solution Set design catalog. And the solution set design directory listed a comment on each of Additional Information Solutions, is very conducive to the solution design engineers to choose elements. 3. The characteristics of knowledge-based product design: Knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer Aided Design program. Mechanical systems design is mainly based on products with features and the design of experts in the field of knowledge and experience in policy-making and implementation capacity, completing the type, a composite. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, research must automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. 4. Intelligent Design: Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products. The use of object-oriented technology, focus on the chronology of the agencies synthesis package design expert system, and with the help of high-performance graphics and the ability to handle the exchange of OpenGL technology, 3D environment from all angles of expert system design options for observation, If inter-agency campaign convergence position of conflict, and so on. 5. Various design review and development trends: In summary, Systematic Design will design tasks from the abstract to the concrete (from the design of the tasks required to accomplish the mission of the program or structure) hierarchical division drawing up each layer wishes to achieve the goals and methods of elementary, from abstract to concrete floors to be organically linked to the entire design process systematic so that the design rules to follow. There is a way to follow and easy computer-aided design process to achieve. Modular design of the structure, as have some method of achieving functional structure for a module, module structure of the portfolio, product program design. For specific types of mechanical products, as part of its function is clear and relatively stable, Modules of the structure more easily, so that the structure modular approach to program design would be more appropriate. As with the functional entities is not between one-to-one correspondence between an entity can usually be a number of different functions, a function can often through several entities to be implemented. Therefore, the structure of the modular design approach for the general design of the product, Modules of the structure and are more difficult to choose, and the requirements of staff with a wide range of design experience and extensive knowledge in many areas. What is worth mentioning is : the above methods are not completely isolated, various methods exist to some extent on the links If modular structure design, module division structure contains a systematic thinking, building products and design features inference engine and knowledge base, it is usually also need to use a systematic and structural modular approach, In addition, the characteristics of knowledge-based products while the design of intelligent design program is one of the foundations. In mechanical design products, as to achieve specific functions common parts, components or structure used for the module body, and the application of systematic design of the levels of specific design, Modular Approach to the forthcoming financial structure in a systematic design methodology, it can guarantee the standardization of the design, it can simplify the design process, improve design efficiency and quality, and lower design costs. Mechanical Products programs are moving towards computer-aided design to achieve, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of design and manufacturing direction. product design computer method of a late start, but there were no mature, be able to reach this target program design software tools. The writer believes that the integrated use of four types of text is designed to achieve this objective effective way. Although these methods are integrated use of the field more, not only with the mechanical design of the domain knowledge, but also to the theory of systems engineering, artificial intelligence, computer hardware and software engineering, Network technology and other fields of knowledge, It is still necessary product design efforts. Abroad in research in this area has achieved initial success. My design scholars have been aware of CAD technology and international exchange and cooperation of the importance and the measures that should be taken. 机械产品方案的现代设计方法及发展趋势 摘 要 ：根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品设计时的主要思维特点，将产品方案的设计方法概括为系统化、结构模块化、基于产品特征知识和智能四种类型。指出四种方法的特点及其相互间的有机联系，提出产品方案设计计算机实现的努力方向。 关键词： 机械产品；方案设计方法；发展趋势 引 言 科学技术的飞速发展，产品功能要求的日益增多，复杂性增加，寿命期缩短，更新换代速度加快。然而，产品的设计，尤其是机械产品方案的设计手段，则显得力不从心，跟不上时代发展的需要。目前，计算机辅助产品的设计绘图、设计计算、加工制造、生产规划已得到了比 较广泛和深入的研究，并初见成效，而产品开发初期方案的计算机辅助设计却远远不能满足设计的需要。为此，作者在阅读了大量文献的基础上，概括总结了国内外设计学者进行方案设计时采用的方法，并讨论了各种方法之间的有机联系和机械产品方案设计计算机实现的发展趋势。根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品方案设计所用方法的主要特征，可以将方案的现代设计方法概括为下述四大类型。 1、系统化设计方法 系统化设计方法的主要特点是：将设计看成由若干个设计要素组成的一个系统，每个设计要素具有独立性，各个要素间存在着有机的联系，并具有层次性， 所有的设计要素结合后，即可实现设计系统所需完成的任务。 系统化设计思想于 70 年代由德国学者 Pahl 和 Beitz 教授提出，他们以系统理论为基础，制订了设计的一般模式，倡导设计工作应具备条理性。德国工程师协会在这一设计思想的基础上，制订出标准 VDI2221“技术系统和产品的开发设计方法。制定的机械产品方案设计进程模式，基本上沿用了德国标准 VDI2221 的设计方式。除此之外，我国许多设计学者在进行产品方案设计时还借鉴和引用了其他发达国家的系统化设计思想，其中具有代表性的是： (1)将用户需求作为产品功能特征构思、 结构设计和零件设计、工艺规划、作业控制等的基础，从产品开发的宏观过程出发，利用质量功能布置方法，系统地将用户需求信息合理而有效地转换为产品开发各阶段的技术目标和作业控制规程的方法。 (2)将产品看作有机体层次上的生命系统，并借助于生命系统理论，把产品的设计过程划分成功能需求层次、实现功能要求的概念层次和产品的具体设计层次。同时采用了生命系统图符抽象地表达产品的功能要求，形成产品功能系统结构。 (3)将机械设计中系统科学的应用归纳为两个基本问题：一是把要设计的产品作为一个系统处理，最佳地确定其组成部分 (单元 )及其相互关系；二是将产品设计过程看成一个系统，根据设计目标，正确、合理地确定设计中各个方面的工作和各个不同的设计阶段。 由于每个设计者研究问题的角度以及考虑问题的侧重点不同，进行方案设计时采用的具体研究方法亦存在差异。下面介绍一些具有代表性的系统化设计方法。 1.1、 设计元素法 用五个设计元素 (功能、效应、效应载体、形状元素和表面参数 )描述“产品解”，认为一个产品的五个设计元素值确定之后，产品的所有特征和特征值即已确定。我国亦有设计学者采用了类似方法描述产品的原理解。 1.2、 图形建模法 研制的“设计分析和引导系统” KALEIT，用层次清楚的图形描述出产品的功能结构及其相关的抽象信息，实现了系统结构、功能关系的图形化建模，以及功能层之间的联接。 将设计划分成辅助方法和信息交换两个方面，利用 Nijssen 信息分析方法可以采用图形符号、具有内容丰富的语义模型结构、可以描述集成条件、可以划分约束类型、可以实现关系间的任意结合等特点，将设计方法解与信息技术进行集成，实现了设计过程中不同抽象层间信息关系的图形化建模。 1.3 “构思” “设计”法 将产品的方案设计分成“构思”和“设计”两个阶段。“构思”阶段的任务是寻求、选择和组合满足 设计任务要求的原理解。“设计”阶段的工作则是具体实现构思阶段的原理解。 将方案的“构思”具体描述为：根据合适的功能结构，寻求满足设计任务要求的原理解。即功能结构中的分功能由“结构元素”实现，并将“结构元素”间的物理联接定义为“功能载体”，“功能载体”和“结构元素”间的相互作用又形成了功能示意图 (机械运动简图 )。方案的“设计”是根据功能示意图，先定性地描述所有的“功能载体”和“结构元素”，再定量地描述所有“结构元素”和联接件 (“功能载体” )的形状及位置，得到结构示意图。 Roper， H.利用图论理论，借助于由他定义的“总设计单元 (GE)”、“结构元素 (KE)”、“功能结构元素 (FKE)”、“联接结构元素 (VKE)”、“结构零件 (KT)”、“结构元素零件 (KET)”等概念，以及描述结构元素尺寸、位置和传动参数间相互关系的若干种简图，把设计专家凭直觉设计的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地应用现有知识的方法，并将其应用于“构思”和“设计”阶段。 从设计方法学的观点出发，将明确了设计任务后的设计工作分为三步： 1) 获取功能和功能结构 (简称为“功能” )； 2) 寻找效应 (简称为“效应” )； 3) 寻找结构 (简称为“构形规则” )。并用下述四种策略描述机械产品构思阶段的工作流程：策略 1：分别考虑“功能”、“效应”和“构形规则”。因此，可以在各个工作步骤中分别创建变型方案，由此产生广泛的原理解谱。策略 2：“效应”与“构形规则” (包括设计者创建的规则 )关联，单独考虑功能 (通常与设计任务相关 )。此时，辨别典型的构形规则及其所属效应需要有丰富的经验，产生的方案谱远远少于策略1 的方案谱。策略 3：“功能”、“效应”、“构形规则”三者密切相关。适用于功能、效应和构形规则间没有选择余地、具有特殊要求的领域，如超小型机械、特大型机械、价值高的功能零 件，以及有特殊功能要求的零部件等等。策略 4：针对设计要求进行结构化求解。该策略从已有的零件出发，通过零件间不同的排序和连接，获得预期功能 。 1.4、矩阵设计法 在方案设计过程中采用“要求 功能”逻辑树 (“与或”树 )描述要求、功能之间的相互关系，得到满足要求的功能设计解集，形成不同的设计方案。再根据“要求 功能”逻辑树建立“要求 功能”关联矩阵，以描述满足要求所需功能之间的复杂关系，表示出要求与功能间一一对应的关系。 Kotaetal 将矩阵作为机械系统方案设计的基础，把机械系统的设计空间分解为功能子空间，每 个子空间只表示方案设计的一个模块，在抽象阶段的高层，每个设计模块用运动转换矩阵和一个可进行操作的约束矢量表示；在抽象阶段的低层，每个设计模块被表示为参数矩阵和一个运动方程。 1.5 键合图法 将组成系统元件的功能分成产生能量、消耗能量、转变能量形式、传递能量等各种类型，并借用键合