第五课 英语五种基本句型.doc

第五课时 五种基本简单句型英语句子的类型（结构分类）简单句：只有一个主谓结构并列句：分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子复合句：一个主句加一个或几个从句二.五种简单基本句型 系动词 主语+系+表语 不及物动词主语+谓语动 主语+谓语+宾语词 及物动词 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语1.主语 + 谓语1）Building has started. 2）The train leaves at 7:40. 3）She cooks. 4）He is working 5）What he said doesnt matter. 6）It begin to rain as soon as we got home. 搭配：The teacher teaches well.The child walks very slowly. 搭配：The girl looked at the picture. The children ran to the forest.Exercises我每天6点起床。_.时光飞逝。_.他在工厂里努力工作。_这支笔很好写。_. 2主语 + 系动词 + 表语1）Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.2）The city will become rich.3）His advice proved (to be) right.4) Everything looks different.5) His face turned red.l 在这类结构中最常用的系动词是： “变化”类：_ “感官”类: _ “持续”类：_ 其他：（似乎）_ _ (证明是)_Exercises你的故事听起来很有趣。_他去年当上医生。_ .这种炎热的天气将会保持几天。_这个计划证明是可行的。_3主语 + 谓语 + 宾语1）The boss employed five more workers.2）My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.3）Few students like taking exams.4）He forgot to close the door.5）I hope I can speak English fluently. Exercise他喜欢阅读。 _ _.课后我经常踢足球。_他许诺给我一个礼物。_我喜欢课堂上的友好气氛。_4主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语1）He has fetched us some new textbooks.2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal.3）The man told the girl that he wants to test her the subject. 4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell, write, 等；（需借助for的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, spare, He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？_.下学期谁教你们生物？_ Mr. White告诉我为什么他要出国。_你最好一到那里就给我回信。_as soon as you get there.5主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this.2）I will keep the box in the shade. 3）We found him a very good pupil.4）She let me stay in the company.Exercise他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。_我建议他多读点书。_. 他教人修了机器。_.我们选他当班长。_.6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，There is an orange and some bananas in the basket. There are some bananas and an orange in the basket.现在有 there is / are 过去有 there was / were将来有 there will be/ there is / are going to be.现在已经有 there has / have been可能有 there might be.肯定有 there must be / there must have been.过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。Eg. There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.There came a shout for help.There must have been a village here.There lies a book on the desk. 否定句：There be句型否定句式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上“not”。也可用“no”来表示。即：no + n.（名词）= not aanany + n.（名词）。注意：no + n.（可数名词单数）= not aan + n.（可数名词单数）；no + n.（可数名词复数）= not any + n.（可数名词复数）；no + n.（不可数名词）= not any + n.（不可数名词）。例如：There is an orange in her bag.变为否定句 There are some oranges in her bag. 变为否定 三 并列句并列句：用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day, but we didnt catch a thingExercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句1. He was tired. He went to bed. He was tired, _he went to bed. 2. The child didnt go out. He was afraid of the dog.The child didnt go out, _he was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it. He made a promise, _He didnt keep it. 4. He came. He brought me something to eat. He _ came, _ brought me something toeat . 并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.四、复合句复合句：由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句： 1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句 指出下列各从句的类型 v I believe that everything is going on well. ( )v She was reading a novel when I came in. ( )She is the girl who sings best in my class. ( )v When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. .( )v The truth is that he has never been abroad. ( )v He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.( )v I heard the news that our team had won. ( )句子用途分类1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句：用来提出问题，表示疑问的句子就叫疑问句。这类句子的形式比较多，中学阶段常见的有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。 一般疑问句：一般疑问句是用来询问某人或某物是否属实，并且要用yes或no来回答的疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时要用声调。其语序一般要用倒装结构。如：-Are you an engineer? -Yes, I am或No, I am not. 特殊疑问句：以疑问代词（who, whom, whose, what, which等）或疑问副词（when, where, why, how等）开头的疑问句就叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时用降调。其句式结构分正常语序和倒装语序两种形式。如： What has happened to her? When did he fly to America? 选择疑问句：在句中提供的两个或多个答案中选择一个作回答的疑问句，就叫做选择疑问句。朗读时前面的一个或多个选择用升调，最后一个选择用降调。这种疑问句的句式结构有两种情况：即一般疑问句和特殊疑问句再加上供选择的两个或多个部分。但不管用哪种形式，都要按实际情况来回答。如： -Do you enjoy playing football or volleyball? -I enjoy playing volleyball.-Which floor do you live , on the 15th floor or on the 21st floor? -On the 21st floor. 反意疑问句：表示提问者对自己所陈述的事情有怀疑或是没有把握，需要别人加以证实的疑问句，就叫做反意疑问句。其句式结构由两部分组成，即陈述部分再加一个简略问句。如果陈述部分是肯定句，简略问句就用否定形式；反之，简略问句用肯定形式。但不管用哪种形式，前后两部分中的人称、数、时态等都要保持一致，并且陈述部分中的主语不论是用什么词充当，简略问句中的主语一定是一个人称代词。对反意疑问句的回答，其肯定形式都用yes，否定回答用no。朗读时，陈述部分通常用降调，简略问句部分用升、降调随情况而定。如：-You spoke at the meeting yesterday, didnt you? -Yes, I did. 或No, I didnt .3）祈使句：表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Lets开头的祈使句；（4）以助动词do开头的祈使句。 肯定祈使句。如：Stop talking! Come here in time! 否定祈使句，即以Dont或Never开头的句子。如： Dont talk in class. Never leave todays work for tomorrow. 以Lets 或let开头的句子。如：Lets go together. Let him go first. 以助动词do开头的祈使句，在句中起加强语气的作用，译成“一定，务必”。如： Do come to see me if you have time.4）感叹句：含有表示情绪色彩的句子叫感叹句。感叹句的结构通常有三种形式： （1）what引导的感叹句，强调句中的名词； （2）how引导的感叹句，强调句中的形容词或副词； （3）由感情色彩的单词或词组构成的感叹句。 What引导的感叹句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主谓结构！（有时主谓结构可省略）。 What a hot day（it is）! What good advice the teacher gave us! What high buildings （they are）! How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构！如： How interesting the book is! How hard they are working!（四）高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。（五）复习时需注意的要点1. 在否定句中注意no 与not 的用法no+名词相当于not a (any) + 名词。例如:（1）He made no mistakes in the maths test.（2）He did not make mistakes in the maths test.2. 在表示推测的反意疑问句中,注意三种可能(1) 对现在状况推测, 附加问句用be的相应形式。例如:He must be in the library, isnt he?(2) 对过去发生的状况进行推测, 有表示过去的时间状语,附加问句用didnt 例如:You must have seen the film yesterday, didnt you?(3) 对过去发生的状况进行推测, 句子没有表示过去的时间状语, 附加问句用havent (hasnt)或didnt 均可 例如:He must have read the book, hasnt he?3. 陈述句为I think (suppose , expect , believe , guess) 后接的宾语从句结构中,附加成分要用肯定式. 例如:I dont think he will come tomorrow, will he?4. 带有否定前缀的词,虽然意义上是否定,但还是肯定句,反意疑问句的附加部分用否定句. 例如:These visitors are unwelcome here, arent they ?5. 祈使句的反意疑问句,以表示客气,陈述部分用肯定,反意部分也用肯定. 例如: Lets go there, shall we?Have a cup of coffee, will you?6. 感叹句中除了用what !与how!两个常见句型外,陈述句结构,一个词组,甚至一个词表达惊异,喜悦,赞赏的感情时, 加上感叹号, 也可视为感叹句. :The grass and the rising sun! 多么青葱的草地,多么明媚的晨光!7. 在并列句和复合句中,注意连词的用法。当连词连接两个句子时, 一定要注意句子结构的完整,汉语有“因为所以” , “虽然但是” 结构, 但英语中because 不与so 连用, though 不与but 连用。 例如:When it rains, I usually go to the office by bus. Though it was late, we went on working.（六）历届高考试题分析例1、There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, _? A. wasnt there B. was there C. didnt itD. did it例2、Dont be discouraged._things as they are and you will enjoy the days of your life. A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Take 例3、Mrs Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera, _?A. is he B. isnt he C. doesnt she D. does she例4、_role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.A.