（基础心理学专业论文）整体局部顺序一致性对字母类snarc效应的影响.pdf

整体-局部顺序一致性对字母类 snarc 效应的影响 中文摘要 i 整体-局部顺序一致性对字母类 snarc 效应的影响 中文摘要 在关于 snarc 效应的研究中，多以数字为实验材料。本研究采用整体-局部的 研究范式， 分别以局部方块和局部英文大写字母组成的整体英文大写字母作为实验材 料，采用 dehaene 的实验范式，要求被试在注意整体字母的条件下，判断视觉呈现的 整体英文大写字母在字母表中的顺序是位于字母“e”之前还是“e”之后，以此研 究顺序的 snarc 效应， 以及在此任务中整体和局部字母顺序的一致性是否会对整体 字母的 snarc 效应产生影响。 本研究得到以下结论： （1）局部方块和局部英文大写字母组成的整体英文大写字母均可以产生顺序 snarc 效应。 （2）在以局部英文大写字母组成的整体英文大写字母为材料的实验任务中，在 注意整体的条件下，产生顺序 snarc 效应，体现了整体反应优先。 （3）在以局部英文大写字母组成的整体英文大写字母为材料的实验任务中，当 整体和局部字母顺序一致时反应时显著快于整体和局部字母顺序不一致时。 （4）erp 数据分析反映，在早期知觉阶段，局部性质对整体优先没有产生干扰， 表现为整体优先。但在晚期反应阶段，对局部性质加工更多，局部性质对整体性质产 生干扰。 （5）在以局部英文大写字母组成的整体英文大写字母为材料的实验任务中，左 半球的激活程度高于右半球。 关键词关键词：snarc 效应；事件相关电位；整体和局部 作作 者：者：嵇亭亭 指导老师：指导老师：何 华 英文摘要 整体-局部顺序一致性对字母类 snarc 效应的影响 ii influences of the global-local order consistency on the snarc effect for letters abstract the previous studies of the snarc effect tended to use figures as their materials. adopting the global-local research paradigm, this study, however, used capitalized english letters, which were made up of local cubes and local capitalized english letters. adopting dehaenes experimental approach, this study asked its subjects to heed the global of the capitalized english letters and judge whether they, when visually displayed, appeared before or after the capitalized letter e. by this means, this study attempted to investigate the effects of snarc on order and the possible influences of the global-local order consistency on the snarc effect for letters. this study yielded the following findings. (1) the global of english capitalized letters were capable of generating the snarc effects, no matter whether they were made up of local cubes or local english capitalized letters. (2) priority was given to the global response in the production of the ordinal snarc effect, when attention was heeded and when the experiment was carried out in settings, which used the global english capitalized letters, which were made up of local english capitalized letters, as its materials. (3) less response time was recorded for the global and local letter consistency group than the inconsistency group in experimental settings that used the global english capitalized letters, which were made up of local english capitalized letters, as its materials. (4) erp data analysis showed that the local features did not interfere with the global priority in the stage of early perceptions. when it came to the late stage, however, the local features imposed more inference on the global feature as the processing of the local features increased. (5) the activation of left hemisphere is larger than right hemisphere that used the global english capitalized letters, which were made up of local english capitalized letters, as its materials. key words: snarc effect; erp; global and local written by：jitingting supervised by：he hua 目 录 1 引 言 . 1 1.1 snarc 效应 . 1 1.1.1 snarc 效应的发现及其理论解释 . 1 1.1.2 snarc 效应的广泛性 . 3 1.1.3 snarc 效应产生的原因 . 4 1.2 顺序信息加工 . 7 1.2.1 顺序信息表征 . 7 1.2.2 顺序信息加工的神经机制研究 . 8 1.3 整体-局部加工研究范式 . 9 1.3.1 整体加工的优势 . 9 1.3.2 整体和局部的干扰及干扰发生的阶段 .11 1.3.3 整体-局部加工中大脑半球的不对称性 . 12 2 研究课题的提出及构思 . 14 2.1 问题提出 . 14 2.2 研究意义 . 14 2.3 研究目的 . 15 2.4 研究假设 . 15 3 实验研究 . 16 3.1 实验方法 . 16 3.1.1 实验被试 . 16 3.1.2 实验材料 . 16 3.1.3 实验设备与环境 . 16 3.1.4 实验设计与程序 . 17 3.1.5 脑电信号采集记录 . 18 3.2 数据处理分析 . 19 3.2.1 行为数据处理分析 . 19 3.2.2 脑电数据处理分析 . 20 3.3 实验结果 . 20 3.3.1 行为数据结果分析 . 20 3.3.2 行为实验结果小结 . 27 3.3.3 脑电数据结果分析 . 28 3.3.4 脑电实验结果小结 . 51 4 研究讨论 . 52 4.1 顺序信息可以产生 snarc 效应 . 52 4.2 整体-局部顺序一致性对 snarc 效应的影响 . 52 4.3 复合刺激中整体与局部干扰发生的阶段 . 54 4.4 复合刺激大脑左右两侧半球的 erp 分析 . 56 5 研究结论与前景展望 . 62 5.1 研究结论 . 62 5.2 研究不足与前景展望 . 62 参考文献 . 63 附 录 . 70 附录一 实验指导语 . 70 附录二 实验材料 . 72 附录三 数据分析表 . 74 攻读学位期间出版或公开发表的论著、论文 . 87 后 记 . 88 整体-局部顺序一致性对字母类 snarc 效应的影响 1 引 言 1 1 引 言 20 世纪 90 年代 dehaene 发现的空间-数字反应编码联合效应 （spatial-numerical association of response codes，简称 snarc 效应） 。即左手对小数的反应快于对大数 的反应， 右手对大数的反应快于对小数的反应的现象。反映了人类在数字加工过程中 对数字的心理空间表征信息。在 dehaene 之后，研究者们采用不同的刺激材料，如阿 拉伯数字、负数、不同语言符号的数字、音调、月份、字母以及颜色等。不同的刺激 呈现方式， 如视觉呈现、 听觉呈现、 数字呈现在中央或是单侧视野。 不同的实验任务， 如奇偶判断、对称性判断、大小比较等。不同的反应方式，如双手反应、语言反应、 眼动反应等。 开展了大量的实验， 先后证明了 snarc 效应。 这些研究证明了 snarc 效应不是数字所特有的。同时也可以发现，这些非数字的刺激材料具有“顺序性”的 共同特点。由此可以推断 snarc 效应可能和先后顺序有关。近年来，对于 snarc 效应的研究逐渐将研究方向从普遍性转向了 snarc 效应的产生机制。 新的研究发现 snarc 效应并不仅只是数字的空间表征，顺序信息的空间表征也可能产生 snarc 效应。 。 综上所述，本文在前人研究的基础之上，采用整体-局部组成的整体英文大写字 母作为实验材料研究字母类 snarc 效应的产生，并且加入 erp 技术进一步探讨整 体-局部顺序的一致性是否会对字母的类 snarc 效应产生影响。 1.1 snarc 效应 1.1.1 snarc 效应的发现及其理论解释效应的发现及其理论解释 数字加工（numerical processing）指个体在加工数字刺激时可形成相应数字心理 表征， 并进行相应认知加工的过程。 dehaene 等关于空间-数字反应编码联合效应的实 验成为对数字和空间相互关系最经典的研究之一。 在实验中，要求被试把视觉呈现的 数字（1-99数字中任意数字，但不包括55）与数字55 进行大小比较，其中一半被试 要求当呈现的数字比55小时用左手按键反应，比55大时用右手按键反应，另一半被试 则要求按键反应相反，发现了对较小的数字，左手的反应速度快于右手；而对于较大 的数字，右手的反应速度快于左手的现象。并且前一半被试的反应速度比后一半被试 1 引 言 整体-局部顺序一致性对字母类 snarc 效应的影响 2 更快，错误率也更低(dehaene, dupoux human perception and performance, 32:32-44. grice, g., canham, l., & boroughs, j. m. 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(2005). linkages between number concepts, spatial thinking, and directionality of writing: the snarc effect and the reverse snarc effcet in 整体-局部顺序一致性对字母类 snarc 效应的影响 参考文献 69 english and arabic monoliterates, biliterates and illiterate arabic speakers. journal of cognition and culture, 5(1),165-191. 附 录 整体-局部顺序一致性对字母类 snarc 效应的影响 70 附 录 附录一 实验指导语 局部方块组成局部方块组成的整体英文大写字母的的整体英文大写字母的 snarc 效应效应 第一组指导语第一组指导语 欢迎您来参加本次实验！ 请将您的左右食指分别放在键盘的“f”键和“j”键上，实验开始后请将注意 力集中在屏幕中央的“+”上，随后会在屏幕中央出现一个黑色小方块组成的整体英 文大写字母，请您比较此整体字母在字母表中位置是位于字母“e”的前面还是后面， 如果您判断呈现的整体字母位于字母“e”的前面，请按“f”键，如果您判断呈现 的整体字母位于字母“e”的后面，请按“j”键。请您尽快做出正确的反应。 如果您已经明白实验的流程，请按任意键开始练习，在练习过程中，电脑将自 动给您反应正确或者错误的反馈。正式实验开始后将不再给您任何反馈。 第二组指导语第二组指导语 欢迎您来参加本次实验！ 请将您的左右食指分别放在键盘的“f”键和“j”键上，实验开始后请将注意 力集中在屏幕中央的“+”上，随后会在屏幕中央出现一个黑色小方块组成的整体英 文大写字母，请您比较此整体字母在字母表中位置是位于字母“e”的前面还是后面， 如果您判断呈现的整体字母位于字母“e”的前面，请按“j”键，如果您判断呈现的 整体字母位于字母“e”的后面，请按“f”键。请您尽快做出正确的反应。 如果您已经明白实验的流程，请按任意键开始练习，在练习过程中，电脑将自 动给您反应正确或者错误的反馈。正式实验开始后将不再给您任何反馈。 整体-局部顺序一致性对字母类 snarc 效应的影响 附 录 71 局部英文大写字母组成的整体英文大写字母的局部英文大写字母组成的整体英文大写字母的 snarc 效应效应 第一组指导语第一组指导语 欢迎您来参加本次实验！ 请将您的左右食指分别放在键盘的“f”键和“j”键上，实验开始后请将注意 力集中在屏幕中央的“+”上，随后会在屏幕中央出现一个局部英文大写字母组成的 整体英文大写字母，请您比较此整体字母在字母表中位置是位于字母“e”的前面还 是后面，如果您判断呈现的整体字母位于字母“e”的前面，请按“f”键，如果您 判断呈现的整体字母位于字母“e”的后面，请按“j”键。请您尽快做出正确的反应。 如果您已经明白实验的流程，请按任意键开始练习，在练习过程中，电脑将自 动给您反应正确或者错误的反馈。正式实验开始后