广外翻译概期末复习.doc

翻概期末复习资料A. 名词解释：20个考2分，3080词1. Translation : The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product(the text that has been translated) or the process(the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating).2. Translation Studies : Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline(n.跨学科，多种学科)dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization（地方化）. The term Translation Studies was coined by the American scholar James S. Holmes in his paper “The name and nature of translation studies”, which is considered a foundational statement for the discipline.3. Features of Discourse: Features of a discourse include cohesion and coherence. The ties that bind a text together are often referred to under the heading of cohesion while coherence is unity in a text or discourse, which makes sense because its elements do not contradict each others presuppositions. Simply, coherence is natural or reasonable connection in thoughts.4. Semantic Translation (Newmark) : Semantic translation, where the translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original. It tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed and it remains within the original culture and language as much as possible.5. Communicative translation (Newmark): Communicative translation, where the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the Target Language readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers. It is likely to be smoother, simpler, cleaner, more direct, more conventional, using hold-all terms in difficult passages.6. Paraphrase (Dryden): translation with latitude, where the author is kept in view by the translator, so as never to be lost, but his words are not so strictly followed as his sense; this involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation.7. Tytlers three general laws of translation: Firstly, the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. Secondly, the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. Thirdly, the translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 8. Equivalence： equivalence is the nature and the extent of the relationships between SL and TL texts. It relates to equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts. There are different types of equivalence including Denotative Equivalence, Connotative equivalence, pragmatic equivalence and etc. 9. Dynamic Equivalence(Nida): Dynamic Equivalence, where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. It is receptor-oriented and the goal of dynamic equivalence is to seek the “closest natural equivalent to the SL message”.10. Domestication (Venuti) : 归化It is also known as Domesticating translation, aiming to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for the TL readers. It may carry negative connotations, cultural narcissim, cultural hegemony of the powerful cultures and cultural colonialism. It is aggressively monolingual, unreceptive to the foreign.11. Foreignization (Venuti) 异化 A term used by Venuti to designate the type of translation in which TT is produced which deliberately breaks the target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the original. Venuti believes it is a strategic cultural intervention to make the translator “visible” and to make the readers realize and it restrains “violence”.12. Invisibility of the translator (Venuti): is a term used by Venuti to describe the translators situation an activity in contemporary Anglo-American culture. Venuti sees this invisibility as typically being produced: by the way translators themselves tend to translate “fluently“ into English , to produce an idiomatic and readable” TT, thus creating an “illusion of transparency”; by the way the translated texts are typically read in the target culture.13. Coherence rule (Hans Vermeer): 连贯原则States that the TT must be interpretable as coherent with the TT receivers situation. In other words, the TT must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the TT receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge.14. Fidelity rule (Hans Vermeer) : 忠实法则，语内连贯法则；merely states that there must be coherence between the translatum and the ST or, more specifically, between: the ST information received by the translator, the interpretation the translator makes of this information, the information that is encoded for the TTreceivers.15. Loyalty in translation (Nord): According to the prevailing concept of translation, readers might expect that the TT gives exactly the authors opinion. It is the translators moral responsibility to be loyal both to the ST author and readers. Loyalty exists in the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the ST author and TT addressees and always refer to the attitude of the translator during the process of translating. 16. Polysystem (Even-Zohar) : 多元系统It is developed in 1970s by Even-Zohar. The polysystem is conceived as a heterogeneous, hierarchized conglomerate of systems which interact to bring about an ongoing, dynamic process of evolution within the polysystem as a whole. The notion of system: a multi-layered structure of elements which relate to and interact with each other.17. Operational norms (Toury): Operational norms describe the presentation and linguistic matter of the TT. They affect the matrix of text and the textual make-up and verbal formulation. Operational norms consists of Matricial norms and Textual-linguistic norms.18. Expectancy norms (Chesterman): are established by the expectations of readers of a translation concerning what a translation should be like. Factors governing these norms include the predominant translation tradition in the target culture, the discourse conventions of the similar TL genre, and economic and ideological considerations.19. The cultural turn (Bassnett & Lefevere) ：P125 The move from translation as text to translation as culture and politics is what Mary Snell-Hornby, in her paper, terms “the cultural turn”. It is taken up by Bassnett and Lefevere as a metaphor for this cultural move and serves to bind together the range of case studies in their collection. 20. Postcolonialism: 后殖民主义; postcolonialism is generally used to cover studies of the history of the former colonies, studies of powerful European empires, resistance to the colonialist powers and, more broadly, studies of the effect of the imbalance of power relations between colonized and colonizer. Here refer to postcolonialism in translation particularly. ?B. 理论要点综述：12个考1个，150300词1. Triadic model proposed by Dryden and its influence: John Dryden, whose brief description of the translation process would have enormous impact on subsequent translation theory and practice. In the preface to his translation of Ovids Epistles, Dryden reduces all translation to three categories: Firstly, metaphrase: word by word and line by line translation, which corresponds to literal translation; Secondly, paraphrase：translation with latitude, where the author is kept in view by the translator, so as never to be lost, but his words are not so strictly followed as his sense; this involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation. Thirdly, imitation: forsaking both words and sense. This corresponds to Cowleys very free translation and is more or less adaptation. /Moreover, the triadic model proposed by Dryden was to exert considerable influence on later writings on translation. In general, Dryden and others writing on translation at the time are very prescriptive(规范的), setting out what has to be done in order for successful translation to take place. Other writers on translation also began to state their “principles“ in a similarly prescriptive fashion. For example, Dolet has five “principles“ while Tytler has three general “laws”.2. Nidas theory of functional equivalence: P42. Dynamic, or functional Equivalence is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect”, where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. The message has to be tailored to the receptors linguistic needs and cultural expectation and aims at complete naturalness of expression. Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida. Indeed, he defines the goal of dynamic equivalence as seeking the closet natural equivalent to the SL message. This receptor-oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon and of cultural references to be essential in order to achieve naturalness ; the TT language should not show interference from the SL, and the foreignness of the ST setting is minimized in a way that would now be criticized by later culturally oriented translation theorists.3. Features of a discourse and their enlightenment to translation: From a structural perspective, discourse is a unit of language above the sentence. There are two features of discourse: Cohesive and coherent. The linguistic mean by cohesion: sentences are woven together to make texts. Texts are made of sentences and sentences must be bound together and cross-linked in a variety of ways. So the ties that bind a text together are often referred under the head of cohesion. There are many cohesive devices such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical ties or even rhetorical devices. Coherence is a unity in a text or discourse, which makes sense because its elements do not contradict each others presuppositions. Simply, coherence is natural or reasonable connection in thoughts. Enlightenment to translation: discourse analysis is important in translation. Translators should notice that the TT should be cohesive and coherent as the ST is. In some cases, the discourse seems not coherent but actually makes sense due to shared knowledge among original text readers. Therefore the translator needs to compensate for the shared knowledge when rendering ST to TT. 4. Vermeers Skopotheorie and its basic underlying rules : Skopos is the Greek word for “aim” or “purpose” and was introduced into translation theory in the 1970s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating. Skopostheorie focuses above all on the purpose of the translation, which determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in skopos theory, knowing why a ST is to be translated and what the function of the TT will be are crucial for the translator. / The basic underlying rules of the theory are: 1. A translatum(or TT) is determined by its skopos. 2. A TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL. 3. A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way. 4. A TT must be internally coherent. 5. A TT must be coherent with the ST. 6. The five rules above stand in hierarchical order, with the skopos rule predominating. (In it, the Coherence rule states that the TT must be interpretable as coherent with the TT receivers situation. In other words, the TT must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the TT receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge. The Fidelity rule merely states that there must be coherence between the translatum and the ST or, more specifically, between: the ST information received by the translator, the interpretation the translator makes of this information, the information that is encoded for the TT receivers.) An important advantage of skopos theory is that it allows the possibility of the same text being translated in different ways according to the purpose of the TT and the commission which is given to the translator.5. Three major cases when translated literature occupies the primary position in the literary system proposed by Even-Zohar Even-Zohar gives three major cases when translated literature occupies the primary position:(1) When a young literature is being established and looks initially to older literatures for ready-made models;(2) When a literature is peripheral or weak and imports those literary types which it is lacking. This can happen when a smaller nation is dominated by the culture of a larger one. Even-Zohar sees that all sorts of peripheral literature may in such cases consist of translated literature. This happens at various levels. For instance, in modern Spain regions such as Galicia import many translations from the dominant Castilian Spanish, while Spain itself imports canonized and non-canonized literature from the English-speaking world;(3) When there is a critical turning point in literary history at which established models are no longer considered sufficient, or when there is a vacuum in the literature of the country. Where no type holds sway, it is easier for foreign models to assume primacy.6. Nords notion of “Function+ Loyalty” p84Firstly, The functional hierarchy of translation problems: Nord establishes a functional hierarchy when undertaking a translation:(1) The intended function of the translation should be decided( documentary or instrumental).(2) Those functional elements that will need to be adapted to the TT addressees situation have to be determined (after analysis of the translation commission as in 1 above).(3) The translation type decides the translation style (source-culture or target-culture oriented).(4) The problems of the text can then be tackled at a lower linguistic level( as in the ST analysis in 2 above).In many ways, this synthesized approach brings together strengths of the various functional and action theories: l The translation commission analysis follows up Holzs work on the players within the translatorial action.l The intended text functions pursue Reiss and Vermeers skopos, but without giving overall dominance to the skopos.l The ST analysis, influenced by Reisss work, gives due attention to the communicative function and genre features of the ST type and language, but without the rigidity of other taxonoimies.Secondly, according to the prevailing concept of translation, readers might expect that the TT gives exactly the authors opinion. It is the translators moral responsibility to be loyal both to the ST author and readers. Loyalty exists in the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the ST author and TT addressees and always refer to the attitude of the translator during the process of translating. 7. Tours classification of norms:Toury sees different kinds of norms operating at different stages of the translation process: initial norm, preliminary norms and operational norms. Initial norm refers to a general choice made by translators. Thus, translators can subject themselves to the norms realized in the ST or to the norms of the target culture or language. If it is towards the ST, then the TT will be adequate; if the target culture norms prevail, then the TT will be acceptable. The poles of adequacy and acceptability are on a continuum since no translation is ever totally adequate or totally acceptable. Shifts obligatory and non-obligatory are inevitable,norm-governed and a true universal of translation Preliminary norms contain translation policy and directness of translation, with the former referring to the factors determining the selection texts for translation in a specific language, culture or time and the latter relating to whether translation occurs through an intermediate language. Operational norms describe the presentation and linguistic matter of the TT. They include metrical norms and textual-linguistic norms, with the former relating to the completeness of the TT and the latter governing the selection of TT linguistic material: lexical items, phrases and stylistic features. 8. Chestermans translation norms:Tourys concept of norms is focused mainly on their function as a descriptive category to identify translation patterns. Chesterman states that all norms exert a prescriptive pressure. Chesterman himself proposes another set of norms, covering the area of Tourys initial and operational norms. They are product or expectancy norms and process or professional norms. Product or expectancy norms are established by the expectations of readers of a translation (of a given type) concerning what a translation (of this type) should be like. Factors governing these norms include the predominant translation tradition in the target culture, the discourse conventions of the similar TL genre, and economic and ideological considerations. Professional norms regulate the translation process itself. They are subordinate to and determined by expectancy norms. Chesterman proposes three kinds of professional norm: the accountability norm (an ethical norm), the communication norm (a social norm), the “relation” norm (a linguistic norm).9. Constraints on translation within and outside the literary system by Lefevere : Lefevere describes the literary system in which translation functions as being controlled by three main factors, which are: (1) professionals within the literary system, (2) patronage outside the literary system and (3) the dominant poetics.(1) Professionals within the literary system: These include critics and reviewers (whose comments affect the reception of a work), teachers (who often dec