英语本科毕业论文-论英译汉中正译法和反译法的使用.doc

本 科 毕 业 论 文( 2012届)题 目：论英译汉中正译法和反译法的使用学 院:_外国语学院_专业:_英语 _班级:_ _10专升本2班_ _姓 名: _ _学 号:_ _ _ _ _指导老师:_ _ _ _完成日期:_COLLEGEOF FOREIGN LANGUAGESGraduation Thesis for BA Degree inEnglish Language and Literature(On the Usage of Affirmation and Negation in E-C Translation) Student: XiaHui Class: Class 2, Grade 10 Supervisor: Zhang Shiying Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, ChinaFeb, 2012AcknowledgementsI am cheerful to express my gratitude to all those who have given me much needful help during my thesis writing.First of all, thank in advance associate professor Zhang Shiying who is my honorific thesis Supervision, for her serious-minded instructions and careful correction. Without your hard working, I could not complete my thesis so smoothly and successful. And especially to professor Xi Liusheng, who has taught us the course of thesis writing, which lay the foundation for my thesis writing.Likewise, I wish to extend my sincere thanks to all other teachers in my four years university study life, whose work inspires me to explore further on the study road. Next, I would like to thank my dear friend master Liu Xian, who helped me find reference of thesis writing, and courage me all the time. At last, thank my parents stand by me from beginning to end. Above all, thanks for your support very much towards all these people. Abstract: Translation from English into Chinese in practically, affirmation and negation in English-Chinese Translation could break through original texts form. By adopting the method of transform tone to processing words, turn affirmation into negation, turn negation into affirmation, therefore, translation effect can be more conform to the original meaning. This thesis aims to through specific translation instances comparative analysis of affirmation and negation in English-Chinese translation, so that deepen understanding the cultural differences in some fields between China and Western countries and differences between English and Chinese languages. Meanwhile, combine pragmatics application in English translation. Put forward the suggestion to the use of affirmation and negation in English-Chinese Translation.Key words: culture, negation, affirmation, English-Chinese translation, pragmatics摘要：在汉译英翻译实践中，运用正译法、反译法可以在翻译时突破原文的形式，采用变换语气的方法处理词句，把肯定的译成否定的，把否定的译成肯定的，译文效果会更加符合原文的意思。本文旨在通过对英译汉中正译法和反译法所使用的一些具体翻译实例的对比分析，加深对中西文化差异、英汉语言差异的了解与认识。同时，结合语用学在英语翻译中的应用，对论英译汉中正译法和反译法的使用提出建议。关键词:文化，正译法，反译法，英译汉，语用学CONTENTS1.Introduction12.The Relevant Introduction of Cultural, Language and Translation12.1Definitions of Culture, Language and translation22.1.1Definitions of Culture22.1.2Differences between Chinese and Western Cultures22.1.3Definition of Language32.1.4Definition of Translation42.2Relationship between Language and Culture42.3Relationship between language, culture and translation53.Overview of Affirmation and Negation53.1Definition and Characteristics of Affirmation and Negation53.2The purposes of affirmation and negation63.2.1To conform to the think way or expression way or Chinese73.2.2Emphasis83.2.3To diversify sentence structures93.3The key difficult of affirmation and negation in E-C translation94.Principles and Methods of Affirmation and Negation in E-C Translation94.1The Application of Pragmatic Theories in Affirmation and Negation94.1.1Pragmatic Equivalent Translation104.1.2Relevance Theory and Translation114.1.3Context and Translation114.2Usage and Principle of Affirmation and Negation124.2.1Usage of Affirmation124.2.2Usage of Negation134.2.3Principle of Affirmation and Negation155.Conclusion15Bibliography16171. IntroductionLanguage is a great tool for human, a set of symbols of communication and the important cultural feature of a nation. Translation is the faithful representation of one language into another language on the basis of accurate understanding. There are many ways in which the phenomena of language and culture are intimately related. Both phenomena are unique to humans and have therefore been the subject of a great deal of anthropological, sociological, and even mimetic study. Language, of course, is determined by culture, though the extent to which this is true is now under debate. For geographical location and historical reasons, the English-speaking peoples prefer part thinking when Han people prefers comprehensive thinking. The differences in thinking cause the communication dissimilarity between these two peoples.Based on logic, Chinese boasts its natural order, while English is a mixture of natural order and special order for its flexibility. There are many different methods between English and Chinese expressions. Each expression involves particular cultural identity. Cultural dissimilarity brings difficulty to language learning, and then the expression dissimilarity brings difficulty to accurate translation. Even though one masters many vocabulary and English grammar he may not do translating well. We should use proper translating methods. Though they share many things in the culture they carry, each language has its own specific cultural properties. For this reason, there exist cultural barriers in translation. In English, the negative representation is a familiar but complicated expression. While expressing the notion of negation, English is different from Chinese in the grammar and the wording. The form of some English implicit negation is positive, but it contains negative meaning essentially, on the contrary, some English sentences are negative on form, but are positive on fact. The usage of affirmation and negation in E-C translation has long been essential basic skills in English learning. There are also some books containing information about it. But for a long time, there have had few systematic works or papers starting from the culture to research the usage of affirmation and negation, and some references focus more on the course of actual use. From the fundamental analysis of the difference of the Eastern and Western cultural and language, this paper deeply and detailed discussed the usage and theoretical foundation of the affirmation and negation.2. The Relevant Introduction of Cultural, Language and TranslationIt is precisely because this is different from Chinese and Western cultural is required to use the affirmation and negation in E-C translation. Among all the factors influencing and constraining E-C translation, culture plays a core role. And most translation failures happen owing to culture differences. In order to master the usage of affirmation and negation, it is needed to understand the definitions and relationships of culture, language and translation. Definitions of Culture, Language and translation Definitions of CultureCultural is a very good broad concept and it will be an extremely difficult task to define it strictly and accurately. Many philosophers, socialists, anthropologist, historians, and linguist have always tried to define culture from their own field. According to statistics, there are more than two hundred kinds of definitions of culture. Culture is also a historical phenomenon and the accumulation of social history. Rather, culture is a country or a nations history, geography, customs, traditions and customs, way of life, literature and art, a code of conduct, way of thinking, values, and so on. The concept of culture was first defined in print in 1871 by E. B. Taylor, who provided the first profound scientific understanding of the nature of the term. According to him, culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as member of society” (Taylor 1924). Robert F. Murphy says in his book Culture and Social Anthropology: An Overture: Culture means the total body of tradition borne by a society and transmitted from generation to generation. It thus refers to the norms, values, standards by with people act, and it includes the ways distinctive in each society of ordering the world and rendering it intelligible. Culture is a set of mechanisms for survival, but it provides us also with a definition of reality. It is the matrix into which we are born; it is the anvil upon which our persons and destinies are forged. Robert F. Murphy, Culture and Social Anthropology: An Overture, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1986), 14In Cihai, which is the Chinas largest and most comprehensive dictionary, culture has been defined as “Generally speaking, culture refers to the body of both material and spiritual wealth that human had made. In a narrow sense, culture means the social ideology or spiritual wealth. ” 辞海(上海:上海辞书出版社，1999),16 Differences between Chinese and Western CulturesIn recent years, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures have caused the widespread concern of social public. The understanding the different culture is advantageous in the E-C translation. There is a great deal of differences between Chinese culture and English culture, which have great influence on translation. When deciding the meaning of each word, we should consider the cultural background first, and then the context and collocation. If the effect of cultural background is overlooked, it will be hard to reflect the original meaning exactly. 于函，“文化背景与翻译谈中英文化差异对翻译中词义选择的影响”无锡南洋学院学报5（2006）：69-71Chinese prefer to think in a spiral, casual way. They value the thought on the nature of life, and think deeply about the relationships between individuals, human and nature, physical and mental. They attach importance to collative interests including the familys interests and national interests. They maintain that people have to control their spouses and oppose extreme personalism and heroism.The west stresses rational thought and logical thought. They investigate and proving the problem essence. They care about their personal interest, pursue human right, adore the problem, and think that if their personal interests could not be protected, what about the collative interests.2.1.3 Definition of LanguageLanguage is a uniquely human gift, and man is the only creature that is gifted with speech, though some species like cat and bees also communicate by mewing or dancing in order to mate or cooperate. Language is the platform for Human Communion. The philosopher Bertrand Russell once said: No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest. Widdowson, H.G., Linguistics. (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003), 5 People use language to chat, to think, to write, to greet, to buy and sell, etc. The human civilizations will not develop without language.So what is language? This is the first question of language investigation. Then collecting some relevant definition of language is essential for the needs of research in future.Chenyuan says in his book like that: Language is a social phenomenon. Language is the most important human social intercourse tool. Language is the direct reality of human will. 陈原,社会语言学(香港：商务印书馆香港分馆，1984),3. In Compendious Linguistic Dictionary（简明语言学词典）, Language is defined as “Language is a uniquely human social intercourse and thinking tool, and also a uniquely human information tool. Language structure itself is a symbol system which combines social and meaning together.” 王今铮等，简明语言学词典(内蒙古：内蒙古人民出版社，1984),428.Pinker says “Language is not a cultural artifact that we learn the way we learn to tell time or how the federal government works. Instead, it is a distinct piece of the biological makeup of our brains. Language is a complex, specialized skill, which develops in the child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitatively the same in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelligently.” Pinker, Steven, The Language Instinct. (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. 1994), 18After surveying all the definition of language of language, on one point, however, experts agree: language is the unique behavior for human, and also is a necessary component of human social life.2.1.4 Definition of TranslationFrom a sign to the CCTV news broadcast, people contact translation all the time. It is translation that promoting the exchange of world culture and impulse the development of the language. Translation has a long history, described as exiting since ancient times and being more popular nowadays. So what is the translation? A brief introduction to this definition will prove useful.Catford, the famous English translation theorists, define translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.” Catford J C. Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in App lied Linguistics M . London: Oxford University Press, 1965. 20 The definition is pretty traditional, and limited to the speech and writing. HuangZhonglian gives two definition of translation in his Translation Nature Theory: One is narrow and the other one is extensive. The narrow definition says that a translator converts the source cultural information into the receptor cultural information and seeks the maximum similarity in thinking activity and linguistic activity. The extensive one says that a translator converts the source cultural information into the receptor cultural information to meet the readers specific needs in thinking activity and linguistic activity. 黄忠廉，翻译本质论(武汉：华中师范大学出版社，2000),14-15 Thus, on the basis of summarizing and inheriting academic achievement at home and abroad, Chinese definitions of translation abounded its connotation, expanded its extensive and deepened the knowledge of translations definition.There have been and will continue to be different definition of translation, but its essence will not change. Translation is the bridge of cultural transmission and is essential for human social activities across cultures.2.2 Relationship between Language and CultureThe relationship between language and culture is complex. The emergence and development of language and culture are simultaneous in human history. The relationship between language and culture is divided into the following columns.Language is a important part of culture. First, from the connotation of culture, the connotation includes not only the material domains, but also spiritual wealth. Then language is the spiritual wealth which is the invention in human evolution, and is a part of culture. Both are peculiar to mankind. Second, as culture, language is not the heredity of organisms, but is learned behavior.Language records culture. As a social phenomenon, language is not only communication tool, but also records the human knowledge of the phenomenon of life. The development of culture promotes the enrichment of language. language is greatly influenced and shaped by culture. People communicate what is meaningful or not meaningful to them in a way defined by their particular culture. As nations common beliefs and practices, culture has its fixed model, which can be seen in language, thought, customary beliefs, material traits, historical background, religion, politics and many other aspects.Mode of thinking and language constraints between each other, affect the relationship between each other. “No language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have at its center, the structure of natural language.” Susan Bassnett, Translation Studies (3rd edition) (Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001), 22. 2.3 Relationship between language, culture and translationThere is a sprawling relation between the translation, language and culture. Language and culture combine as an organism to do the translation work in front of various occasions and text. In addition to the text conversion, translation is also the cultural transmission. Both the translation and the original have their own language and culture. Translation, just like a bridge, completes the transfer of language seemingly. But a deeper work of translation is to transfer culture from A to B for the readers understand of foreign culture. Cultural exchanges between countries and nations, not only develop cultural flourish, but also enrich worlds culture and the world civilization development. Above all, the relationships among language, culture and translation are such interwovenness. As the subject during whole translation procedures, translators should master original and translation languages, whats more, what they reflect their cultures.3. Overview of Affirmation and NegationThe history, geography, social and cultural background and living habits of the English speaking countries are different from traditional Chinese culture, so there is real difference between the western thinking methodology and the Chinese one. The negative expression of English sentences is a common and very complicated problem. .1 Definition and Characteristics of Affirmation and NegationSome English sentences are superficially negative, but they actually connote affirmative, which often confuses translators. English is different from Chinese in the grammar, word usage and logic when expressing a negative idea. The form of some English sentences is positive, but in fact it contai