人教版高一英语必修1unit4 earthquake语法定语从句PPT课件.ppt

定语从句,定语从句及其相关概念;关系代词引导的定语从句;关系副词引导的定语从句;由as引导的定语从句;注意事项。,一、定语从句及相关概念,定语：可以由形容词、代词、数量词、名词、副词、不定代词、介词短语等来担任。如果是一个句子担任定语，那么这个句子就是定语从句。ThegirlwhoisstandingthereisMary.定语从句,概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。ThegirlwhoisstandingthereisMary.先行词关系词先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词。关系词：引导定语从句的词。关系词,1.Thetreewasverytall.Heclimbedit.2.Helookedforthegirl.Shewassellingtickets.3.Thisismybrother.HeisgoingtoIndia.4.Theboyismyfriend.Hispictureisinthenewspaper.,Thetreethat/whichheclimbedwasverytall.,Helookedforthegirlwhowassellingtickets.,ThisismybrotherwhoisgoingtoIndia.,Theboywhosepictureisinthenewspaperismyfriend.,Practice:Jointhetwosentencestogether,Kunmingisabeautifulcitywhereflowersareseenalltheyearround.,1.Kunmingisabeautifulcity.Flowersareseenalltheyearround.,Practice:Jointhetwosentencestogether.,IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIwenttomeetyouattheairport.,2.Iwillneverforgettheday.Iwenttomeetyouattheairportontheday.,ThereasonwhySpielbergcouldnotgototheFilmAcademywasthathisgradesweretoolow.,3.SpielbergcouldnotgototheFilmAcademy.Itwasbecausehisgradesweretoolow.,4.定语从句的分类：（1）限定性定语从句：与先行词关系密切，如果没有定语从句，主句含混不清，不完整，限定性定语从句与主句之间无逗号。（2）非限定性定语从句：这种从句与主句关系不是十分紧密，只是对先行词做些附加的说明，如果将其去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。这种从句与主句之间常用逗号分开。只有wherewhenwho(m)whosewhichas等词能引导这类从句(that不能)如：Nextmonth,whenyoullspendyoursummerholidaysinyourhometown,isapproachingSheisgoingtoliveinBeijing,whereshehassomeclosefriends,二、关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词和关系代词的种类,3.各关系代词的使用方法（1）who（whom）who代人，在从句中担任主语，口语中也可代替在从句中做宾语的whom，前面不能有介词。如有介词则必用whom（结构：介词+whom）。e.g.ThegirlwhoisstandingthereisMary.Sheisthegirlwho/whomImetthatday.Thedoctortowhomshesentherfriendisveryfamous.,只能使用关系代词who引导定语从句的情况：在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替who1.当先行词是he,those,one,ones等或用-body,-one构成的不定代词时，关系代词只能是who。e.g.Thosewhowanttoseethefilm,pleaseraiseyourhands.Isthereanybodyelsewhoshouldbeinvited?2.当先行词后有较长的后置定语或者定语从句被分隔时，关系代词只能是who，不用that.e.g.AteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.ImetaforeignerinthecitylastweekwhocouldspeakChinese.3.主句是therebe结构，如果需要修饰的主语是人，只能使用关系代词who。e.g.Thereisamanwhowantstoseeyou.,(2)whose是who/whom的所有格，即可代人，又可代物。在定语从句中做定语，修饰从句的主语或宾语Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.Pleaseshowmethebagwhosecoverisred.(3)that只用于限定性定语从句中，介词后不能跟that，而跟which.在限定性定语从句中，which和that都指物时，可通用。Thepicturethat/whichwasdrawnbyTomwasnice.,关系代词中只能用that的情况1.先行词是形容词最高级或它的前面有形容词最高级时.e.g.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerecentlyishowtocollectenoughmoneyforthatpoorstudent.2.先行词是序数词,或被序数词所修饰时.e.g.Thisisthefifthbookthathehaseverwritten.3主句已有疑问词who或which时e.g.Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.4.先行词既有人又有物时eg:Theytalkedaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedatschool.,5.先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等代词时e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?6.先行词被only,any,few,little,no,all,oneof,just,very等词修饰时e.g.Thisisoneofthepresentsthatmyboyfriendgavemeonmybirthday.7.主句是therebe结构，如果需要修饰的先行词是物，只能使用关系代词that。e.g.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.,(4)Which只能使用关系代词which引导的定语从句：1.非限制性定语从句中当先行词是物，只能使用关系代词which来引导。2.当先行词是物，介词放在关系代词前面时，这个关系代词只能是which。e.g.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.3.复合句中含有两个修饰物的定语从句，其中一个已经用了that，另一个只能使用关系代词which。e.g.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.4.先行词为that,those时，引导词用whiche.g.Whatsthatwhichwasputinthecar?,（5）关系代词做介词宾语的情况：关系代词做介词宾语时，我们可以将介词置于定语从句的句首放在关系代词前,这时关系代词不能省略。我们也可以把介词仍放在定语从句的后部，这时关系代词可以省略,也可以使用关系代词that。e.g.TheboytowhomyoushouldwriteisTom.Theboy(whom/that)youshouldwritetoisTom.,介词前置有这样几个要求：a.当介词放在关系代词前时,关系代词指物时,只能用“介词+which”,关系代词指人时，只能用“介词+whom”，且关系代词一律不能省略。TheboytowhomyoushouldwriteisTom.Thisisthehospitalinwhichmysisterwasborn.b.含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开。即：不能把其中的介词移至从句的句首。e.g.Thisisthepen(which/that)sheislookingfor.Theoldman(whom)thenursearelookingafterisverywellnow.,(6)关系代词的省略1.条件：只在限定性定语从句中可省略。2.情况：a.关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时b.在从句中做介词的宾语，且介词在句尾例：Hereistheman(that)youhavebeenlookingfor.c.在therebe句型中，先行词是way时，关系代词省略。例：Idontliketheway(that)youtalktome.,2.关系代词引导的定语从句的辨认与使用思考步骤：（1）找出先行词（2）确定关系代词在从句中所担任的成分（3）确定从句时态Doyouknowtheboymymotheristalkingto?,三、关系副词引导的定语从句,关系副词是用来引导定语从句的作用：（1）在定语从句中替代先行词（2）在从句中担任状语成分（3）起连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句关系副词：where/when/why.各关系副词的用法：,注：关系副词可等于”介词+which“（1）where的用法表的地方，修饰场所、方位名词。Thisisthehouse.Iwasborninthehouse.=ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.先行词关系副词=ThisisthehousewhichIwasbornin.=ThisisthehouseinwhichIwasborn.,2.when的用法：表的时候，修饰日子年代等名词。e.g.Wewontforgetthedayswhen/duringwhichwestayedwithyou.3.why的用法：表的原因，的理由e.g.Idontknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhesaidthat.=Idontknowthereason(which/that)hesaidthatfor.注：区分与关系代词的区别，只要在定语从句中担任状语的，就是关系副词。,Practice:Jointhetwosentencetogether.1.Thisbookisaboutthetime.LincolnwasPresidentthen.2.Thisisthehouse.Edisonwasborninthehouse.3.Theschoolisstillstanding.Marxlearnttoreadandwritethere.4.Thereweremanypoorpeopleinthetown.Johngrewupinthetown.5.Lincolnhadverylittlefreetime.Hecouldstudythen.6.Yesterdaywewenttovisitthehouse.Thegreatwriterusedtoliveinthehouse.,ThisbookisaboutthetimewhenLincolnwasPresident.,ThisisthehousewhereEdisonwasborn.,TheschoolwhereMarxlearnttoreadandwriteisstillstanding.,ThereweremanypoorpeopleinthetownwhereJohngrewup.,Lincolnhadverylittlefreetimewhenhecouldstudy.,Yesterdaywewenttovisitthehousewherethegreatwriterusedtolive.,四、由as引导的定语从句一、在引导限制性定语从句时先行词是thesame，such或被thesame，such修饰时，引导词用as。as可在从句中做主语，宾语，表语，一律不可省略e.g.Manyofthesportswerethesameastheyarenow.Theprintednewspaperwasnotsuchasthechiefeditorhadexpected.注意:先行词被thesame所修饰时，关系代词既可以用that也可用as但意义不同，前者表示“同一的”,后者表示“同样的”ThisisthesamebookthatIlentyouyesterday.ThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.,关系代词which和as在引导定语从句时的区别：1).as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。,2).当as在定语从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词常常用被动语态,如beknown,besaid,beexpected,bereported等；如果从句的谓语是主动语态，则一般用which。e.g.Asiswellknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.SheisfromthesouthofChina,whichIknowfromheraccent.Thiskindofcomputer,asiswellknown,isoutofdate.3).非限制性的定语从句如果是否定句，则常常用which来引导。e.g.Mr.ZhangusuallycriticizesWangJuninpublic,whichhedoesntlikeatall.,4).非限制性的定语从句的谓语如果是复合结构，则常常用which来引导。e.g.Themeetingroomhasntbeencleanedforweeks,whichmakesitverydirty.Itrainedhardyesterday,whichpreventedmefromgoingtothepark.5).as常用于某些固定句型之中如:“aswaspointedout”,“aswassaidabove”,“asIremember”,“asIunderstand”.“aswasexpected”e.g.Aswassaidabove,weshouldstoppollutingtheearth.AsIunderstand,hewontgoout.6)当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。e.g.Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.,定语从句判断方法方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。,五、注意事项,1.what不引导定语从句，that不引导非限定性定语从句。2.限定性定语从句中，time作先行词时,如果前面有序数词或last一词修饰,定语从句就不能用when引导,而必须用that引导;如果前面没有序数词或last一词修饰,则用when,that都可以,且that常可省略.Thelasttime(that)IwenttoLondonwasinMarch,1996.ThiswasatimewhentherewerestillslavesintheUS.ThisisatimeIwillneverforget,3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.4.当先行词为专有名词或整个句子是世界上独一无二的名词时，一般用非限定性定语从句修饰。例如：Thesun,whichgivesuslight,isverybig.5.定语从句的时态不受主句的限制Thewomanwho(that)spokenyesterdayismymother.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,1.A.MrSmithisoneofthoseforeignerswho_workinginChina.B.MrSmithistheonlyoneofthoseforeignerswho_workinginChina.a.isb.hasc.haved.are2.A.Dontdiscussquestionssuch_those.B.Letsdiscussonlythequestions_weareinterestedin.a.whichb.thatc.asd.aboutwhich3.A.All_Ineedisagoodrest.a.Whatb.AllwhatB._Ineedisagoodrest.c.thatd.Which,d,a,c,b,c,a,4.A.Pisaisacity,_hasaleaningtower.B.Pisaisacity,_thereisaleaningtower.a.whichb.thatc.whered.there5.A.Thisistheplace_wevisitedlastyear.B.Thisistheplace_hatd.there,a,c,a,b,翻译1.他指给我看他丢钱包的地方.Heshowedmetheplacewherehelosthiswallet.2.我不认识那个和你说话的女孩Idontknowthegirlwhom/