（英语语言文学专业论文）《嬉雪》和《荒山之恋》译本中女性意识研究.pdf

iii 摘要 翻译和性别隐喻的历史渊源由来己久。 “女人”和“翻译”同属于话 语的边缘地位。传统的翻译理论认为，原作对译作具有等级上的权威， 前者是强壮而具有生产力的男性，后者是地位低下，低弱派生的女性。 翻译和女性常常被相提并论。这既是对女性的轻蔑，也是对翻译的贬低。 二十世纪八十年代，翻译界的“文化转向”使女性主义思潮与翻译研究 的结合，女性主义与翻译研究的结合导致了西方女性主义翻译理论的产 生。许多学者开始关注女性主义翻译这个新课题。在女性主义翻译理论 的指导下， 西方女性主义译者揭示了长久以来翻译研究中对女性的歧视， 强调了译文与原文的平等性，女性主义翻译实践也对传统的翻译观造成 了巨大的冲击和挑战。 西方有女性意识的女译者视翻译为一种政治行为， 并努力为译者和女性在翻译中争取合理的地位，使其在译文中能够被听 见被看见。 西方新时期的女性主义思潮于二十世纪八十年代由朱虹引介到中国 后， 对我国的外国文学研究和批评以及女性文学创作产生了巨大的影响。 2 0 0 2 年西方女性主义翻译理论开始影响到我国的翻译研究, 研究者从不 同角度探讨了女性主义翻译观的性质和特点, 但很少有人从女性主义翻 译观出发探讨翻译实践，所以有待于进一步探索。由于社会，历史和文 化背景的不同，西方的女性主义在介绍到中国后产生了不同的影响，相 iv 对于西方女性主义译者在翻译中的激进态度和要求平等的强烈意识，中 国女性译者倾向于采取相对温和的翻译态度和策略，但是其字里行间仍 然流露出了女性意识。 本论文探讨了西方女性主义的产生与发展及其与翻译研究的结合、 女性主义翻译理论以及女性主义翻译理论在对中国的翻译研究所产生的 影响。进而分析了中国女性译者不同于西方女性主义译者的特点。本文 以女性翻译家朱虹和孔慧怡翻译的作品为代表分析了女性主义性别意识 在中国女性翻译家的作品中的表现，主要选取了孔慧怡的译作荒山之 恋和朱虹在嬉雪中的散文的翻译为例。中国翻译界可以将女性主 义文学批评或性别视角纳入女性( 女性主义) 作品的翻译实践及研究当 中，以便更好地发掘、传达作品中的性别意识，同时也进一步拓展翻译 研究的维度。 关键词：女性意识，女性主义翻译，翻译研究，朱虹，孔慧怡 v abstract the connection between translation and gender has a long history. translation and women both occupy peripheral positions. according to traditional translation theories, translation is considered a secondary work dependent on, and subservient to, the original text, just as women are assigned dependent functions under patriarchal power. translation and women are always associated with each other. this concept is a devaluation towards woman and translation. in the 1980s, “ cultural- turn” in translation circle contributed to the combination of feminism and translation, from which western feminist translation theory engendered. many scholars began to focus on the new topic - - feminist translation. under the guidance of feminist translation, western feminist translators revealed the discrimination against women in translation studies and emphasized the equality between the original text and the target text. feminist translation practice also brings great impact and challenge on traditional translation thoughts. western female translators with feminist consciousness regard translation as a political act, and they try to strive for rational positions for translators and women, making them to be seen and heard in the translation. vi western feminism in the new period was introduced in china by zhu hong in the 1980s. since then, it exerted great influence on the research of foreign literature and the writing of feminist literature in china. in 2002, the western feminist translation research began to influence the translation circle in our country. this year, many researchers explore the nature and characteristics of feminist translation from different perspectives. but few people make use of the feminist translation theories to analyze translation practice. so it is expected to be further studied. due to different social historical and cultural backgrounds, after western feminism was introduced to china, it exerted different influenced from that in the west. compared with western feminist translators, who have radical attitudes, chinese female translators employ mild attitude and strategies in translation, but feminist consciousness is still revealed between the lines in their translation. in this thesis, the development of western feminism and its combination with translation，feminist translation theory, as well as the effect of feminist translation theory exerted on chinese translation circle are all explored. and then, the translation characteristics of chinese female translators were analyzed. this thesis took the translation of zhu hong and eva hung as examples to illustrate the feminist consciousness revealed in the translation of vii chinese female translators. zhu hong s translation of prose in xi xue and eva hung s translation of huang shan zhi lian were taken as examples. given the rich body of women s literature and the growing feminist consciousness in china, it is necessary to apply feminist literary criticism or a gendered perspective to the translation of women s writings, by way of which feminist consciousness can be better conveyed, and meanwhile, the dimensions of translation studies can be extended. keywords: feminist consciousness, feminist translation, translation studies, zhu hong, eva hung 上海交通大学 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立 进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不 包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究 做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意 识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名：王雪梅 日期：2 0 0 8 年 3 月 1 8 日 上海交通大学 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同 意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许 论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权上海交通大学可以将本学位论文的全部或 部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制 手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 保密，在 年解密后适用本授权书。 本学位论文属于 不保密。 （请在以上方框内打“” ） 学位论文作者签名：王雪梅 指导教师签名：胡开宝 日期：2 0 0 8 年 3 月 1 8 日 日期：2 0 0 8 年 3 月 1 8 日 i acknowledgements this dissertation is the result of two years of work whereby i have been accompanied and supported by many people. without their help, support, and encouragement, i would never have been able to finish this work. first of all, i would like to extend my profound appreciation to my supervisor, professor hu kaibao, whose expert guidance, mentorship, encouragement and support help to achieve my thesis into the present shape. it is his minute guidance, incessant encouragement and pertinent comments that have brought about the shaping, the creation and the embellishment of this thesis. my sincere thanks also go to the teachers who have instructed my thesis and courses and who have offered me g reat help during my study for the degree of m.a in shanghai jiaotong university, whose courses have provided me with enlightenment. i am also grateful to my classmates who have helped me with the collection of the academic data and provided me with some valuable advice ii on the thesis. their critical comments and suggestions enabled me to notice the weaknesses of my dissertation and make necessary improvements. i owe my heartful gratitude to my dear family, whose encouragement and selfless love make me face all the challenges in life and studies. chapter 1 introduction 1 chapter 1 introduction 1.1 research background the 1980s saw the “ cultural turn” in translation studies. translation is viewed as some activity of cultural creation and interaction. “ translation has now established strong primary relationships to essentially non linguistic disciplines” (mundy 2001: 187). translation studies get far away from linguistic level. along with the development of cultural studies, scholars become interested in gender study, which is an important part of cultural studies. in western translation circles, a group of women translators and feminist critics make great efforts in the development of feminist translation theory. then, feminist translation studies take shape and translation studies can be researched from a new perspective. feminism and translation studies a re both interdisciplinary academic fields. feminism traces the historical association between women and translation. the two share the same marginal status at the bottom of the social and cultural ladder. “ whether affirmed or denounced, the femininity of translation is a persistent historical trop. woman and translation have been relegated to the same position of discursive inferiority” (simon 1996: 1) . though their development has not been parallel, it is a trend to bring these two disciplines together. then, feminist translation came into being. feminist translation studies have exerted great influences on western translation practice. “gender in translation”, the book written by sherry simon, reveals the feminist issues about translation studies. feminist translation theorists aim to examine the processes through which translation sustains and stimulates gender constructs. in the mid- 1980s, feminist literary criticism was first introduced to china by zhu hong. since the beginning of this century, feminist translation has been attracting more and more attention of the chinese translation circle. more and more scholars began to participate in the discussion of translation from the perspective of feminism. however, feminist translation studies remain at the introductory stage in chapter 1 introduction 2 china. the present thesis aims to make a study of zhu hong s translations of a frolic in the snow and eva hung s translation of love on a barren mountain from the perspective of feminist translation studies and it is hoped that the thesis can serve as an initial step to the application of this theory in the chinese- english translation. 1.2 research scope and research purpose this thesis gives a summary of recent academic findings in the field of feminist translation, and it focuses on the research of chinese female translation practice under the influence of feminist translation theory. the research will be focused on the analysis of zhu hong s translation of a frolic in the snow and eva hung s translation of love on a barren mountain with the aim of finding out feminist consciousness in the translations by chinese female translators. then, the way that western feminist translation theory influences chinese female translation is examined with the aim of exploring whether western feminist translation theory can be applied to chinese translation practice. as there are no pure feminist translators in china, the common features and differences between chinese female translators and western feminist translators will be discussed. finally, the characteristics of chinese female translation are summarized and the reasons for the formation of those characteristics are analyzed. the purpose of the research is to find out feminist consciousness revealed in the translation of chinese female translators. 1.3 research methods this research will adopt the qualitative and descriptive approach to analyze the related theories and information. by way of comparing and textual analysis, a research will be done on zhu hong s translations of a frolic in the snow and eva hung s translation of love on a barren mountain. chapter 1 introduction 3 1.4 significance of the research researching translation studies from the perspective of feminism is a new field of research, particularly in china. most research works on feminist translation have been the theoretical introductions of the western feminist translation theories. following an introduction to the different social, historical and cultural backgrounds between the west and china, this thesis tries to research the manifestation of feminist awareness in chinese female translations, and summarize the characteristics of chinese female translation. chapter 2 western feminist translation theory 4 chapter 2 western feminist translation theory 2.1 background of feminist translation theory in the 1970s, a favorable cultural context for feminist translation was created by women s movement, along which gender issue was brought into academic discussion and language was regarded as a powerful political tool. helene cixous, mary daly, nicole brossard began feminist experimental writing. then, during the 1980s, researchers in the translation circle began to carry on translation studies from the perspective of feminism, and feminist translation theory came into being, such canadians as barbara godard, sherry simon, susanne de lotbiniere- harwood and luise von flotow have contributed a lot to the shaping of feminist translation theory. feminist translation theory advocates the following: (1)dispelling discriminations against women in translation theory and practice; (2) redefining the relationship between the original and the translation to make them enjoy equal status; (3) translation is not only the problem of skills in language, but also the problems of culture, ideology, etc. (jiang 2004: 27). the purpose of this theory is to identify and criticize those ideas, concepts that debased both women and translation to the bottom of social and literary ladder, to probe into the reasons why translation is feminized, and explore the deep structure that discriminates women and translation. in the late 18th century and early 19th century, goethe said that translators are “ professional matchmakers” (tan 2004: 111). in the 18th century, french scholar and translator charles batteux (1713- 1780) once discussed in plincipes de litterature that translators are not the master but the servant to the original texts (tan 2004: 124). in the book after babel: aspects of language and translation, george steiner claimed that the relationship between the writer and translator, the original text and target text are usually sexualized. these above discriminations against women should be eliminated. gender discrimination also exists in translation practice. the following sentence selected from the revised standard version of john gives an example of the chapter 2 western feminist translation theory 5 effect of predominant masculine pronouns: jesus said to them, “ i am the bread of life; he who comes to me shall not hunger, and he who believes in me shall never thirst.; and him who comes to me i will not cast out.” (flotow 2004: 54) haugerud retranslated it into: jesus said to them, “ i am the bread of life; anyone who comes to me shall not hunger, and anyone who believes in me shall never thirst.; and those who comes to me i will not cast out.” (flotow 2004: 54) in this retranslation, haugerud changed all the masculine words into neutral words, changed “ he” into “ anyone” , “ him” into “ those” . “ translation has long served as a trope to describe what specifically female forms of discourse, developed as a result of gendered exclusion, into some form of the dominant patriarchal code.” (flotow 2004: 12) at the beginning, translation was an auxiliary way which helped women enter into the public sphere; however, translation studies are usually gendered. according to the gendered studies, translated texts are inferior to original texts just as women are inferior to men. from the mid to late 1960s, feminist movement enters its second climax, turning its focus from requiring equal social and political rights with their male counterparts to examining the sexual discrimination and patriarchal domination both in society and language. although women had gained some equal rights in the society, old patriarchal concepts were still pervasive in the public. women s subordinate position had never been changed. they found that the acquisition of equal rights could not accomplish their feminist purposes. what they should try to overthrow was the deep- rooted gender discrimination in people s mentality, which resided in every facet of society. therefore, feminists turn to language. they found that language used in the daily life and literature is a kind of patriarchal language, which reflects male s bias and gender discrimination. such language influences people s thinking and obstructs the real liberation of women. “ la liberation des femmes passe par la langage was a familiar rallying call of the 1970s: women s liberation must first be a liberation chapter 2 western feminist translation theory 6 of/from language” (simon 1996: 8). therefore, feminists need their own translation studies to instruct their translation practice, under the background of which feminist translation studies turn up. it redefines “ fidelity” as being faithful to women s reading rather than men s and claims that women should “ womanhandle” her translated texts; in addition, it breaks the model of binary oppositions between original texts and target texts and calls on the formation of interactive relationship between them. derrida s deconstruction theory, foucault s theory of power discourse as well as many other “ post” theories contributed to the formation of a new translation school - - feminist translation theory. many famous western feminist translation theorists such as sherry simon, luise von flotow, babara godard etc. provide us with their own understanding of feminist translation studies. 2.2 western feminist literary theory and translation studies 2.2.1 feminist literary critic theory- - the theoretical source of feminist translation theory feminist translation theory mainly grows out of feminist literary theory, and feminist literary theory is closely related to the second wave of women movements. feminist literary theory can be divided into two schools: the french school and the anglo- american school. their research points and philosophical context are different. the anglo- american school is “ trying to seek for and reevaluate the tradition of feminist literary to establish independent feminist literary history, meanwhile revealing the intimate relationship among female writers, encouraging women to strengthen the connection and get rid of the oppression of patriarchy- centered culture” （zhu 2001: 350). the first stage of the development of anglo- american school is from the mid- 1960s to the early 1970s, the theme of which is to awaken the independent consciousness of women. the feminine mystique, written by betty friedan, thinking chapter 2 western feminist translation theory 7 about w omen, written by mary ellmann, both aim to show that all the social bias against women is attributable to the society, that is to say, women are not born as women, but are fostered to be women. showalter proposes the three stages of the development of the british feminist literary: feminine, feminist, female. the first stage is from 1840 to 1880. during this stage, feminist writers mainly represent the experience of women by way of imitating and absorbing the mainstream of literary tradition. during the second stage, the political trend of establi