（发展与教育心理学专业论文）男女生同伴关系的交友特征及其发展研究.pdf

独创性声明独创性声明 本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的 研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知，除了文中特别以 标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包括其他人已经发表或撰写 过的研究成果。对本研究做过贡献的老师和同学均己在论文 中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。 日期： 导师签名： 本人签名： 关于论文使用授权说明关于论文使用授权说明 本人完全了解杭州师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的 规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查 阅和借阅;学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用 影印、缩印或其他手段保存论文。 日期： 导师签名： 本人签名： 杭州师范大学硕士学位论文 男女生同伴关系的交友特征及其发展研究 i 摘摘 要要 同伴关系是同龄人之间或心理发展水平相当的个体间在交往过程中建立和发展起来的 一种人际关系，一般来讲，研究者把同伴关系分为两种:一是同伴接纳,二是友谊关系。本研 究同伴关系是指第二种。研究者主要运用访谈法、问卷法和文献综述法，针对同伴关系的特 殊类型友谊关系，首先进行两轮访谈，初步访谈发现创新点，进而深入访谈细致求证； 其次针对两轮访谈内容，并在结合大量文献基础之上，自编同伴关系交友特征量表；最后应 用自编量表进行从小学、初中、高中直至大学本科的纵向发展研究。 研究一主要是通过对 45 名小学、中学、大学学生的访谈，对男女大学生的交友特征进 行了探索分析。 首先在认真研读当前国内外学者对同伴关系研究的基础上， 设计 2 个访谈问 题，对 24 名大学生进行了初步访谈。然后根据初步访谈结果分析发现青少年交友特征也许 存在普遍的性别差异。最后，针对第一次访谈的假设和推测，在前面访谈的基础之上，仔细 斟酌设计了 4 个方面（10 个开放式问题）对另外 25 名小学、中学、大学学生进行了深入访 谈，结果验证了初次访谈的假设。 研究二主要是根据访谈研究结果确定的同伴关系的交友特征， 编制相应的问卷， 并以此 来探索同伴关系交友特征的结构。 首先在 100 份有效数据的基础上对所编制问卷进行了项目 分析。其次在另外 295 份有效数据的基础上对预测问卷进行了检验。再则，对检验过的预测 问卷进行正式问卷的探索性和验证性因素分析。探索和验证的样本地跨河南、浙江、湖北三 个省份，共发放问卷 2450 份，回收有效问卷 2150 份，录入有效数据 1994 份。该量表经过 探索性因素分析以及验证性因素分析获得良好的结构， 并检验发现量表也具有良好的信、 效 度。最终形成了同伴关系交友特征量表，该量表包括两个维度，即情感性交友维度和功能性 交友维度。 研究三是男女生同伴关系交友特征的发展研究。本研究以 996 名小学、中学、大学学生 为研究对象，以自编的同伴关系交友特征量表为研究工具，对同伴关系的交友特征进行 了探索，以期发现从小学、中学到大学男、女生同伴关系交友特征的发展特点。 结果发现：1、同伴关系交友特征存在着显著的性别差异。男生主要呈现出功能性交友 的特点，而女生以情感性交友特征为主。2、总体上来讲，青少年交友特征在性别、教育层 次和各教育层次上的性别差异都很显著（p0.01）。3、对同伴关系交友特征在各个教育层 次间的差异进行比较发现，在情感性交友维度上，小学和初中没有差异，小学和高中、本科 均有差异（p0.05和p0.01）；初中和高中没有差异，初中和本科有显著性差异（p0.01） ； 高中和大学差异显著（p0.01）。在功能性交友维度上，小学和初中、高中和本科均有显著 差异（p0.05和p0.01）；初中和高中，高中和本科均没有显著差异。4、关于交友特征在 各个教育层次上的性别差异研究发现，在情感性交友特征维度上，小学、初中、高中和本科 杭州师范大学硕士学位论文 男女生同伴关系的交友特征及其发展研究 ii 等各个教育层次上性别差异均显著；在功能性维度上，小学没有性别差异，而初中、高中和 本科则存在显著的性别差异。 关键词：关键词： 同伴关系 交往特征 性别差异 发展研究 杭州师范大学硕士学位论文 男女生同伴关系的交友特征及其发展研究 iii abstractabstract peer relationship is the interpersonal relation which set up and developed in the course of interaction among the same age or mental development level individuals. generally speaking, the researchers put peer relationship into two categories: one is peer acceptance, the other is friendship relation. in this study, peer relationship refers to the second. this research primarily used interviews, questionnaires method and literature analysis method, aimed at specific types of peer relationships, a study of friendship relations. first two rounds of interviews: innovation was found in the initial interview, so a depth interview was outspreaded for detailed confirmation. secondly, based on the content of two rounds of interviews combined with the substantial literature the characteristics of self-designed-peer relationship intersection scale was came in being. finally, we applied the self-designed scale for a longitudinal development study from the primary, junior and senior high school to university undergraduates. in the first study, we interviewed 45 primary, high school and university undergraduates, through which, we made an exploratory work on the male-female studentsintersection characteristics. firstly, the author designed 2 interview questions, then preliminarily interviewed 24 university undergraduates after investigating the studies on peer relationship from inland to outland .then based on the analysis of preliminary interview we presumed that there was universal gender difference among teenagers intersection characteristics. then aiming at the hypothesis and results of the first interview, we had a depth interview in four ways (10 carefully contrived opening questions), which verified the hypothesis of the first interview. in the second study, according to the intersection characteristics of peer relationship determined by the two rounds of interviews, a corresponding scale was designed to explore the structure of intersection characteristics among peer relationship. first of all, we did the item analysis based on 100 valid questionnaires. second, the forecasting questionnaire was tested according to another 295 valid data. furthermore, did exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to the tested forecasting questionnaire for the formal scale. the samples of exploratory and confirmatory came across 3 provinces of henan, zhejiang and hubei. a total of 2450 questionnaires, among which, 2150 questionnaires were recycled and finally 1994 valid data left. after validation, the formal scale had good reliability and validity, and obtained a good structure after exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. finally got hold of two dimensionalities of peer relationship intersection characteristics, affective dimensionality and functional dimension and formed the formal scale at the same time. in the third study, there was a developmental study to the intersection characteristics of male and female peer relationship. in this study, put 996 primary, junior and senior high school and university undergraduates as research object, regarded the self-designed peer relationship intersection characteristics scale as research tools, and then carried out the exploration to the intersection characteristics of peer relationship, so as to find the developmental trait between the male and female peer relationship intersection characteristics from primary, junior and senior high 杭州师范大学硕士学位论文 男女生同伴关系的交友特征及其发展研究 iv school until the university undergraduates. the followings were the main conclusions: (1) there were significant gender differences among peer intersection characteristics. male students mainly showed functional characteristics, but girls showed mainly affective characteristics. (2) overall speaking, there were marked gender, educational level and all levels of education differences on teenagers intersection characteristics (p0.01). (3) to compare the differences of the characteristics of peer relationships at all levels of education, the author found that in affective dimensionality, for primary schools, there was no difference with junior high schools but significant differences with senior high schools and university undergraduates (p0.05 or p0.01). for junior high schools, there was no difference with senior high schools, but marked differences with university undergraduates (p0.01). and there were significant differences between the senior high schools and university undergraduates. in functional dimensionality, there were marked differences between primary schools and junior high schools, senior high schools and university undergraduates (p0.05 or p0.01), but no difference between junior and senior high schools, senior high schools and university undergraduates. (4) to compare the gender differences of the intersection characteristics at all levels of education, the author found that in affective dimensionality, there were marked gender differences at all educational levels, such as in primary, junior and senior high schools, and university undergraduates and so on. but in functional dimensionality, there were also significant gender differences at most educational levels, such as junior and senior high schools, university undergraduates etc. except the primary schools. key words: peer relationship; intersection characteristics; gender difference; developmental study 杭州师范大学硕士学位论文 男女生同伴关系的交友特征及其发展研究 v 目目 录录 摘摘 要要 i abstractabstract iii 引引 言言 1 1 文献综述文献综述 2 1.1 人际关系的研究综述 2 1.1.1 人际关系的涵义、种类 2 1.1.2 人际关系的功能 3 1.1.3 人际关系状况在性别、教育层次上的差异研究现状 4 1.2 同伴关系的研究综述 5 1.2.1 同伴关系的涵义、种类 5 1.2.2 同伴关系的功能 6 1.2.3 同伴关系的影响因素 7 1.2.4 同伴关系的测量 8 1.3 性别差异的研究综述 9 1.3.1 性别差异的涵义 9 1.3.2 性别差异的理论 9 1.3.3 国内外有关同伴关系性别差异的研究 10 2 问题的提出问题的提出 15 2.1 以往研究的不足 15 2.1.1 同伴关系的研究有待进一步本土化 15 2.1.2 对同伴关系的研究不够深入、全面 15 2.1.3 对同伴关系的研究缺乏科学的测量工具 15 2.2 本研究的意义 16 2.2.1 本研究的理论意义 1