（英语语言文学专业论文）劳伦斯作品中的女性.pdf

ii 摘要 摘要 戴维赫伯特劳伦斯(1885 1930)一生创作丰厚,既承袭了英国文学的 伟大传统,又参悟出独特的哲学观以及独道的叙事手法。他的特殊性引起了世人 的争议与分歧。他对女性特殊的笔触、独道的描述, 皆源于他特殊的经历和敏锐 的内心感应。他为读者开辟了一个人类了解自己、认识自己的新天地。很多人激 烈抨击劳伦斯的大男子主义意识,但是他终生都在为女性谱写心灵之歌。本论文 旨在分析劳伦斯作品中的女性形象，分析其女性形象在文学史上的意义和启示， 为评论界公正评价这位文学天才提供一份证词。 本论文首先追溯了西方哲学传统和当时流行的社会思潮对劳伦斯的影响以 及在其作品中所留下的印记。 论文第一部分集中探讨了对二十世纪初的现代主义 运动有着深刻影响的弗洛伊德精神分析理论、 尼采的唯意志论和柏格森的生命直 觉理论对劳伦斯本人创作指导思想的影响。 文学评论界关于弗洛伊德精神分析理 论与劳伦斯之间错综复杂的关系一直以来争议颇多， 本论文试图通过对劳伦斯小 说文本以及劳伦斯本人所作的文学批评的分析对劳伦斯与精神分析的关系作一 个清晰客观的描述。 而德国哲学家尼采对于生命力量尤其是生命意志的讴歌和他 所推崇的“酒神”精神更是给了劳伦斯以无穷的动力和灵感。柏格森的生命直觉 理论对于生命本能和直觉的强调也激发了劳伦斯的兴趣， 成为劳伦斯塑造在生命 体验中重获新生的女性形象的理论源泉。论文第二部分按照母亲、妻子和情人三 类形象，分别分析劳伦斯作品中出现的具有代表性的女性形象。在劳伦斯的作品 中女性永远是与男性相对而存在，处在与男性相对立的关系中，而不是作为独立 的个体而存在。她们总是以母亲、妻子、女儿或情人的形象出现，而不是作为女 性个体而出现，这反映了在父权制社会里女性身份的丧失。而劳伦斯所要做的就 是呼吁女性重新认识被埋没的自我，重新找回真实的自我，成为一个独立的生命 个体。 第三部分则深入发掘劳伦斯作品中女性形象在整个文学史背景中所具有的 意义和启示，将从三个方面来阐述：劳伦斯与女权主义的关系；劳伦斯作为一个 特殊的现代主义者；性别角色影射社会分工。在劳伦斯看来，必须将妇女的解放 与人性的健全发展密切地联系在一起。现代女性的独立，并不意味着要改变女性 的“特质” 。劳伦斯同情女权运动为妇女解放所作的努力，但同时也意识到了其 iii 不足，认为妇女解放不仅仅是在政治、经济上争取与男性相等的权利，更重要的 是女性心灵的解放。在英国工业文明兴盛之时，在城市化进程达到相当成熟的阶 段， 劳伦斯作为一个特殊的现代主义者把关注的焦点放在郊区乃至乡下人的精神 状况上面，这是有意识地漠视城市文化和物质纷扰。乔伊斯追求反映前进的社会 现实的艺术，吴尔夫追求现代都市的先进意识，劳伦斯追求不为名利玷污的纯洁 灵魂。他们是殊途同归的现代主义卫士，其反叛性集中在一个“新”上。性别角 色的差异反映了两性的社会差异。 女性通过感觉来认识自然, 男性通过理智进行 逻辑推理; 女性通过感情来衡量幸福, 男性通过事业的成功来实现人生。 女性是 精神的领导者，而男性则是物质的提供者。 通过以上的分析可以得出结论， 劳伦斯并不像某些人批评的那样具有强烈的 男性中心意识，极力提高男性地位，贬低女性，而是毕生探索女性心理，寻求男 女之间的完美和谐，将两性关系的和谐作为终生探索的目标。 关键词：女性形象，女权主义，现代主义，性别角色 iv abstract d. h. lawrence (1885 1930), a prolific literary genius, was blessed with a unique observational capacity and cultivated his own idiosyncratic narrative style, which has incurred numerous controversies. the delicacy and subtlety in his description of the female world can be traced back to his youthful experiences and his sensitive psychic texture. he unfolds to the reader a whole new world in which human beings can rediscover their once lost selves and experience a rebirth. he remained a controversial figure in the realm of literature and was even considered as the advocate of male-chauvinism. despite censures and impugnments, he always adhered to his principles and beliefs, never forsaking his solitary but adamant search for the salvation of human souls. he dedicated himself to the exploration of female psychology and emotions, offering the reader vivid descriptions of the heroines arduous journey of self-discovery and their attempts at self-fulfillments. this essay aims to make an analysis of the female images in lawrences works and explore their significance in literary history, providing another piece of evidence in defense of lawrences personal integrity and philosophic sophistication. this essay first traces the influences upon lawrence of western philosophy and the dominant thoughts at the turn of the 20th century and the imprints of these influences in his works. it focuses upon the relationship between lawrence and several schools of thoughts that exerted numerous influences upon modernism including the psychoanalysis of freud, the will to powerwille zur machtof friedrich nietzsche and the intuitionism of henri bergson. there have always been endless arguments over the complicated relationship between the psychoanalysis of freud and the literary creation of lawrence. this essay aims at offering a clear and objective outline concerning this issue. nietzsches admiration for the so-called dionysiac spirit motivated lawrences passion for life and offered him numerous inspirations. the intuitionism of henri bergson also interested and inspired lawrence, directly leading to the creation of female characters in the works of lawrence who v embrace personal experiences of life. the second part of the essay makes detailed analyses of the female images in lawrences works based on the role classifications of mother, wife and lover. in lawrences works the female always exist in some kind of relation to the male instead of as independent beings. they always exist as the mother, wife, daughter or lover of the male, which implies the deprivation of female selfhood in the patriarchal society. lawrence encouraged the female to rediscover their lost selves and restore their true female identities. the third part of the essay explores the significance of the female images in the whole literary history from three perspectives: the relationship between lawrence and feminism; lawrence as a unique modernist; gender roles reflective of social identities. according to lawrence, the emancipation of women is meaningless without the general development of female individuals. the independence of modern women does not mean the casting off and forsaking of “femininity”. lawrence sympathizes with and appreciates the efforts of feminists for the emancipation of women. however, he also points out the deficiency of feminism and considers the spiritual liberation much more important than the superficial social equality with men. confronting the intruding modern industrial civilization, lawrence directs his passion to the psychological world of the working class and resists the intrusion of metropolitan civilization consciously. joyce is in relentless pursuit of art as a means of resenting radical materialism. woolf seeks after the dynamic consciousness of modern metropolis as a means to fight institutional oppression. what lawrence fights for are the pure souls of human beings uncontaminated by secular vanity. although they adopt different approaches of literary communication, they are basically the modernist defenders who are rebellious against the industrial civilization and social centralization. the differences between gender roles are reflected in their social roles. the female are closer to nature while the male take great pride in their rationality and intellectuality. the female consider love to be the ultimate gateway leading to happiness while the male realize their dreams through secular success. the female are the spiritual leaders while the male are the controllers of material comforts. the idealistic condition of human beings is the harmony between the genders. vi it can be concluded that lawrence devoted his whole life into the exploration of the perfect relationship between men and women. he created many female characters in his works who take the venture and shoulder the responsibility for themselves, finally achieving their life objective through discovering their true selves and establishing a harmonious male-female relationship. lawrence was an explorer instead of an eccentric. key words: female images; feminism; modernism; gender roles vii abbreviations ldhl: the letters of d. h. lawrence pufu: psychoanalysis and the unconscious and fantasia of the unconscious sl: sons and lovers sthoe: study of thomas hardy and other essays svl: sex versus loveliness wl: women in love 上海交通大学上海交通大学 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究 工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容之外，本论文不包含任何其他个 人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。 对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集 体， 均已在文中以明确方式标明。 本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名：孟祥云 日期：2008 年 1 月 17 日 上海交通大学上海交通大学 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留使用学位论文的规定，同意学校 保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版， 允许论文被查阅和借 阅。 本人授权上海交通大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库 进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本毕业论文。 保密保密，在 年解密后适用本授权书。 本论文属于 不保密 不保密。 （请在以上方框内打“” ） 作者签名：孟祥云 指导教师签名：索宇环 日期：2008 年 1 月 17 日 日期：2008 年 1 月 17 日 i acknowledgements first and foremost, i want to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor professor suo yuhuan, an admirable and well-beloved teacher, who has offered me endless help and encouragement during the composition of my masters thesis from gathering materials to meticulous revision. he has taken great pains to scrutinize every chapter and locate errors of my thesis, proposing numerous comments and advices that are discerning and enlightening. this thesis would be impossible had it not been for his extreme patience and earnest guidance. over the past two and a half years, his profound knowledge, acumen of perception and sincerity in life have impressed me greatly, prompting me to be in constant pursuit of self-improvement. his whole-hearted devotion to work and seriousness in academic research bears an enduring influence upon me, remaining an everlasting inspiration. i am also greatly indebted to my best friend, liu yanling, for her generous support and friendship which contribute a lot to the completion of my thesis. besides, i want to extend my thanks to my family for their ceaseless support. 1 introduction the beginning of the 20th century witnessed great upheavals in every aspect of society, and it was in such an era of turbulence that lawrence emerged as one of the greatest novelists and thinkers that ever lived in british history. he had the great honor of being claimed as“the most widely studied author in the english language” (niven, 1985: 516). f.r. leavis marvels at the flair of lawrence fully exhibited in his works: “lawrence was not shakespeare, but he had genius, and his genius manifests itself in an acquisitiveness that is a miraculous quickness of insight, apprehension and understanding”(leavis, 1955: 128). the unprecedented artistic intuition and originality distinguish lawrence from other novelists and mark him as one literary maverick who always clung to his own artistic principles. especially his insightful and unparalleled anatomy of female psychologies provides the reader with a glimpse of the mysterious unconscious world beyond mere mentality. his focus upon the inner world of human beings and his ceaseless pursuit for the salvation of peoples corrupted souls align him with modernism which is a reaction to the modern world menacing individuality and humanity. however his benighted contemporaries seldom listened to him; they ignored and looked down upon him, even stigmatizing him as an indecent and profane pornographer. he never wavered in his determination to preach to the public what he believed was the essence of life. as time flows, people have realized gradually their fatuity and begun to acknowledge the foresight implied in the words of the prophet. at the turn of the 20th century in the great britain whose industrialization was highly developed people betrayed a deep sense of anxiety and were at a loss as to their future. in an epoch when conformity to the mass society was intensified and individuality was put in jeopardy, people fought desperately to prevent themselves being overwhelmed by the national machine. the salvation of humanity and individuality became one of the main focuses of modernist writers who objects vehemently to the oppression and trample of individuality by machine, monopoly and the empire. women were in a much worse situation than men because they were still 2 in bondage to mens oppression and had not acquired independence and freedom in male-female relationship. feminist movement aspiring for economical and political equality of women as men is for lawrence only a superficial means which is incapable of altering their disadvantageous position in society. being convinced that the body politic of england was already rotten to the core, he was bent on the exploration of a whole new approach for the salvation of women. is there any great sickness in the body politic?.am i, or your suffragist woman, or your voting man, sex-whole and money-healthy, are we sound human beings? have we achieved to true individuality and to a completeness in ourselves? because, if not-then, physician, heal thyself. (sthoe: 15). for lawrence the root of sickness of the 20th century lies “in the heart of man and not in the conditions” (ibid: 15). lawrence asserted that “mankind must rediscover the lost instinctive, biological passionate self that has become sacrificed to democracy, imperialism, industrialism, and urbanization” (bloom, 1988: 244). lawrence holds that men are already alienated and corrupted by the prevailing inhuman industrialization while women maintain purity of souls and are closer to the unknown which is the origin of life. lawrence pins his hope upon women and sees in women the preservation of power of human nature. lawrence in his works delves into the mysterious unconscious world of women and expounds upon the psychological evolution of women, attempting to heal the human kind by virtue of female instincts and intuitions. lawrence makes an enormous contribution to the overthrowing of traditional female images that are passive and dependant. the female images in his works emerge as active and independent individuals in energetic pursuit of their true and natural self. his respect for womens natural selves and his high evaluation of womens instincts contribute a lot to the emancipation of women. however the attitudes towards women in lawrences works have always been a focus of literary criticism and invoked numerous controversies especially as the 3 debates over sexual roles and sexual relationship intensify. although industrialization is already rather developed and mature, people are not so liberated in the field of ideology, especially concerning the male-female relationship. lawrence endeavors to emancipate people from the spiritual shackle they imprison themselves into. lawrence turns to the inner world of the unconscious in search of a means to resurrect peoples inanimate souls while feminism concentrates upon the improvement of exterior social factors. so there have always been dissents between the approaches of lawrence and feminists to this issue. his unique way of dealing with the problems of women and his intrepidity in liberating the social taboo sex are antagonistic to many reserved people. his unfaltering determination to stick to his belief is especially admirable if we take into account the numerous mockeries and obloquies he encountered. he never forsook his steadfast belief in the authenticity of his allegation and devoted himself to the preaching of his own religion. this thesis is engaged in the analysis of the female images in the works of lawrence and the appraisal of the historical significance of them. the first part of the thesis focuses upon the influences that literary traditions bear upon the female images in lawrences works, tracing the fundamental philosophical origins of the lawrentian female images. the thoughts of freud, nietzsche and henri bergson contribute a lot to the shaping and moulding of lawrences own philosophy concerning fundamental notions about life. the life philosophy of lawrence is interwoven into the creation of female images in his works and it is impossible to have an integrated and profound understanding of the female images of lawrence without an appreciation of his life philosophy. the second part of the thesis concentrates upon the meticulous text analysis of the major female images in lawrences works. the female images that are selected from lawrence major works are categorized into several groups based on their identities in patriarchal society: mother, wife and lover. lawrence records in dramatic and picturesque brushwork their psychological dilemmas and anguishes under the oppression of the dominated male, and their rough but fruitful search for both a new self and a new life. the last part of the thesis puts the female images in lawrences works in a larger social and literary background, appraising lawrences 4 treatment of them in comparison to his modernist contemporaries and re-evaluating his relationship with feminism which is disgruntled with him a lot. 5 chapter 1 philosophical and historical backgrounds of lawrences works 1.1 about psychoanalysis psychoanalysis which was proposed by sigmund freud (1856 - 1939) has exerted profound impact in various domains ranging from philosophy to literature. lawrence is among the numerous writers who get their inspiration from this revolutionary theory at the beginning of the twentieth century. it is not to say that lawrence was an unwavering disciple of this theory which delves deep into the mysterious field of peoples mind. on the contrary, many of his views quite diverge from those of freud. lawrence came into contact with psychoanalysis through his german wife frieda who was herself an enthusiastic follower of freuds theory at that time. frieda was also engaged in the reworking of sons and lovers and inevitably exerted an influence on lawrence, which helps to make the novel of what it is like finally. lawrence felt he was misunderstood when his masterpiece sons and lovers was labeled as a specimen of what freud termed as the “oedipus complex”. in order to protest his beloved novel being construed as merely an illustration of the so-called “oedipus complex”, he even took great pains to compose two essays, that is, psychoanalysis and the unconscious and fantasia of the unconscious in which he challenges freuds theory of psychoanalysis and expounds upon his own views as to peoples psyche and the issue of sex. a traditional oedipal interpretation of sons and lovers actually can not suffice to account for the poignant psychological entanglement. although lawrence resented strongly many notions of freud and attempted to prove the falsity of psychoanalysis, he was influenced by this theory more or less and imbibed some ideas of freud, syncretizing them with his own theory. he made strenuous efforts to establish his own psychological system and formed “his own version of freuds thought” (fernihough, 2001: 217). he inherited and at the same time transcended the psychoanalysis of freud mainly in terms of the unconscious and sex. 6 1.1.1 freuds theor