超详细答案综合学术英语教程2答案上海交通大学出版蔡基刚.doc

综合学术英语教程2 答案Unit 1 Multidisciplinary EducationKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic 1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to become experts in their field of interest. 2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with people from a diverse set of disciplines. 3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach. 4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers. 2. 1) f2) d3) a4) e5) g6) m7) j8) k9) l10) i11) b12) h13) c 4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach (6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment 6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies. 2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinary studies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers. 3) Open. 4) Open. 5) Open. Reading about the Topic 3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy, ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc. 2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT. 3) Names of intellectual giants. 4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner and architect. 4. Set 1: 1) c2) e3) d4) h5) a6) g7) f8) b Set 2: 1) e2) a3) h4) b5) c6) f7) d8) g 5. (b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D (f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A 6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard in design. 2) First was da Vincis complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ields of knowledge. The second facet of da Vincis character was his respect for and fascination with nature. The third quality of da Vincis character was an enthusiastic demand for hands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real world.3)“There is a good chance that you will never again live and work in a community with as many different cultures and backgrounds as MIT.”(Para. F) 4) Because by doing so, the students can engage themselves in new intellectual adventures so as to use their time at MIT to its fullest potential. 5) It means that “They took the initiative to search for the deepest answers, instead of sitting back and letting things happen to them.” 7. Set 1: 1) h2) d3) a4) g5) f6) e7) b8) c Set 2: 1) c2) g3) d4) a5) h6) f7) e8) b 8. 1) She wanted to describe for the new students three of his characteristics that particularly f it with the value of MIT. 2) Because by doing so, the students can encounter the most stimulating minds and inspiring role models, experience a life in a community with diversif ied cultures and backgrounds and participate in various new intellectual adventures, so that they can get the most out of their MIT education. 3) The three of Da Vincis characteristics will be the heritage of MIT to be inherited by the students. She hoped that the new students would follow Da Vinci as well as a great many extraordinary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest potential. 4) Multidisciplinary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries in order to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives. 9. 1) Human ingenuity will never devise any inventions more beautiful, nor more simple, nor more to the purpose than Nature does. (Para. A) 2) For Da Vinci, the simplicity he appreciated in Nature became his ultimate standard in design. (Para. B) 3) Be as determined in your curiosity as Leonardo da Vinci and you will use your time at MIT to its fullest potential. (Para. F) 4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passionate engagement with the most important problems of the world. (Para. G) 5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things happen to them. (Para. H) 10. Many scientists and engineers at MIT pursue simplicity in their design and development of technologies. Exploring the Topic 4. 1) It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to scientific education is of vital importance. 2) Second, a multidisciplinary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training individuals. 3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are participating in turning out the future thinkers. 4) How about examining our problems about science and technology from a liberal arts perspective. 5) Surprisingly, however, our universities and colleges fail to switch from the conventional divisions and departmental sections to daily extracurricular multidisciplinary work. 5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast “College education has always had the responsibility to . However, . we also see the growing importance of producing .”. The introduction of Reading 2 is informative as well as interesting, which arouses the readers interest to go on reading. Integrated Exercises 2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent (7) discipline (8) aspiration (9) inspire (10) perspective (11) inherit (12) generate 3. The members of a word familyChinese equivalentinspire inspiration inspired inspiring v.激励 n.灵感 adj.有灵感的 generate generation generative generator adj.鼓舞人心的 v.产生 n.一代 adj.有生产力的 n.发电机 aspiration aspire aspiring n.渴望 v.渴望 adj.有抱负的 inherit inheritance inheritor inherited v.继承 n.继承物 n.继承人 adj.遗传的 discipline disciplined disciplinary n.纪律 adj.纪律严明的 adj.有关纪律的 represent representation representative v.代表 n.表现 n.代表者 anatomist anatomy anatomical n.解剖学家 n.解剖学 adj.解剖的 speculate speculation speculative speculator v.推测 n.推测 adj.推测的 n.思索者 celebrate celebration celebrated celebrity v.庆祝 n.庆祝活动 adj.著名的 n.名人intellect intellectual intelligence intelligent n.智力 adj.智力的 n.智慧 adj.有才智的 collaborate collaboration collaborative collabotatorv.合作 n.合作 adj.合作的 n.合作者Integrate integrated integration v.合并 adj.完整统一的 n.整合(1) inspiring (2) generation (3) collaborative (4) aspiring (5) Intelligent (6) inherit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) representative (10) anatomical 4. (1) D(2) A(3) C(4) B(5) D(6) A(7) B(8) C(9) A(10) C 5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborating to develop a new vaccine. (2) The scientists experiment generated an unexpected outcome. (3) If the systems are restructured, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into the global economy. (4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head. (5) The murder trial attracted considerable public attention. (6) The aspiration for college education inspires people in remote areas to work hard. (7) He inherited his parents fortune after their death. (8) He disregarded his fathers advice and left college. (9) In this address, he asked the youngsters, who embody the spirits of the nation, to join the campaign. (10) The special diet incorporates many different fruits and vegetables. 7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety. (2) Success, as he explained, was nothing more than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck. (3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads between biological and medical studies. (4) It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosophers belief, which he claimed not to have heard about before. (5) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for possible emergencies. (6) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by the environmentalist. (7) This traveling experience will provide you with a rare opportunity to sample a different way of life. (8) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adapting to the fast-paced modern life. (9) More and more countries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems. (10) These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless interests well beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning. 8. A. (1) B(2) C(3) B(4) B(5) D B. As multidisciplinary design has become a trend in the industry, there is a need for more emphasis on multidisciplinary perspectives. Educational institutions should take their role in training individuals who can function in a collaborative environment and be prepared to face multifaceted projects that they may not have been exposed to. However, our universities and colleges fail to shift from traditional divisions and departmental sections to multidisciplinary work being practiced on a daily basis outside the classroom. C. 1) F2) T3) F4) T5) T D. (1) what learning is about (2) be inquisitive (3) learn a new subject (4) analyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master-inspired (7) self-learner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no single simple answer (10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolerant and supportive (13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadershipUnit 2 The Scientific MethodKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic 1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring knowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. 2) Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experiments to test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication and the results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis. 3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible. 4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our senses can be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presence affects what is being studied. 5) Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. Science is exciting. Science is useful. Science is ongoing. Science is reliable. Science is a community endeavor. 2. 1) c2) g3) e4) f5) a6) d7) h8) k9) b10) i11) j 4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies (5) puzzle (6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional 6. 1) Science. 2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peering through a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on. 3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature. 4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves towards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity within the scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas. 5) Open. Reading about the Topic 3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterized by confirmations and observations which “verified”the theories in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at the price of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status. 2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific. 3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted and were always confirmed. 4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun). 5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possible results of observation in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would have expected. 4. Set 1: 1) c2) a3) d4) b5) f6) e7) h8) g Set 2: 1) b2) e3) a4) f5) d6) c7) h8) g 5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e) Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d) 6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions. 2) You will need to research everything that you can f ind about the problem. 3) You shouldnt change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrong with your original hypothesis. 4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once you develop a hypothesis and a prediction, you shouldnt change it, even if the results of your experiment show that you were wrong. 5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way. 7. Set 1: 1) c2) a3) d4) b5) f6) e7) h8) g Set 2: 1) e2) g3) a4) f5) c6) b7) d8) h 8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of the scientific method, is a way of collecting information from any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In this process, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through beingrefuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified, which ref lects its true scientific virtue. 2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while a theory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied to every situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory. 3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory from refutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status. 4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific. 9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn more about what makes plants grow. (Para. B) 2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D) 3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlight appear to grow bigger. (Para. H) 4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results dont match up with your hypothesis. (Para. K) 5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a single experiment, because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q) 10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a research project you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and is followed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defines what you think the outcome of your experiment will be. Exploring the Topic 4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence. 2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices, misapprehensions, and bias. 3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world. 4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is most likely to be correct currently. 5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that a mistake was made somewhere in the process. Integrated Exercises 2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve (7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research(12) support 3. The members of a word familyChinese equivalentacquire acquired acquisition v.获得 adj.获得的 n.获得物 project projected projecting projection n.计划 adj.规划的 adj.突出的 n.规划 method methodical methodology methodological n.方法 adj.有方法的 n.方法论 adj.方法论的 identify identifiable identification identity unidentifiable v.识别 adj.可辨认的 n.鉴定、身份 adj.无法识别的empirical empirically empiricism adj.凭经验的 adv.凭经验地 n.经验论 confirm confirmation confirmed v.确认 n.证实 adj.确认的 approach approachable approaching unapproachable v.接近 adj.可接近的 adj.逼近的 adj.不易亲近的 theory theoretical theoretically theorist n.理论 adj.理论上的 adv.理论上地 n.理论家 emphasis emphasize emphatic emphatically n.强调 v.强调 adj.强调的 adv.强调地 achieve achievable achieved achievement v.取得 adj.可以实现的 adj.高度完美的 n.成就 commit commitment v.把托付给 n.承诺 constitute constituency constituent constitution constitutional constitutive v.组成 n.选区 n.组成部分 n.宪法 adj.宪法的 adj.构成的 assume assumed assuming assumption v.假定 adj.假装的 conj.如果 n.假定 expose exposed exposure v.揭露 adj.裸露的 n.暴露 logical illogical illogically logician adj.逻辑上的 adj.不合逻辑的 adv.不合逻辑地 n.逻辑学家 (1) methodical (2) commitment (3) achievable (4) assume (5) illogical (6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity 4. (1) A(2) B(3) A(4) D(5) A(6) B(7) C(8) A(9) D(10) B 5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity. (2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an economical perspective. (3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives of sociology. (4) Scientists insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange phenomenon. (5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge. (6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking