汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译

本科毕业设计（论文） 英文资料翻译 作 者 ：周 杰 指导教师 ：孙飞豹（副教授） 学科、专业：车辆工程 沈阳理工大学应用技术学院 2011 年 12 月 20 日 transmission used in automobiles A standard transmission or manual transmission is the traditional type of transmission used in automobiles. The manual or standard transmission consists of a series of gears, synchros, roller bearings, shafts and gear selectors. The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from the transmission. Heliacal cut gears are used to select the ratio desired the sector fork move gears from one to another by using the gearshift knob. Synchros are used to slow the gear to a stop before it is engaged to avoid gear grinding, the counter shaft hold the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft. A stick shift transmission has no torque converter so there is no need for a transmission cooler. A stick shift transmission needs a simple fluid change for proper service. (there is no transmission filter in a stick shift transmission). Transmission Shifter - 1 - Most manual transmissions have one reverse gear and four to six forward gears. Some cars also have eight forward gears while thirteen to twenty-four gears are present in semi trucks. To differentiate among the available standard transmissions, they are addressed by the number of forward gears. For example, if the standard transmission has five gears, it will be referred to as 5-speed standard transmission or 5-speed standard. Typical Standard Transmission Configuration Inside the transmission shafts contain all forward and reverse gears. Most transmissions contain three shafts: input shaft, output shaft and counter or lay shaft. Other than standard transmission, there are other transmissions like continuously variable transmission, automatic transmission and semi-automatic transmission. In the manual transmission, a pair of gears inside the transmission selects the gear ratios. Whereas, in an automatic transmission, combination of brake bands and clutch packs control the planetary gear which selects the gear ratio. If there is a provision to select a gear ratio manually in automatic transmissions, the system is called a semi-automatic transmission. The driver can select from any of the gears at any point - 2 - of time. In some automobiles like racing cars and motorcycles that have standard transmissions, the driver can select the preceding or the following gear ratio with no clutch operation needed. This type of standard transmission is known as sequential transmission. In this transmission the clutch is still used for initial take off. Clutch and Flywheel Assembly The main clutch plays the role of a coupling device which separates the transmission and the engine. If the clutch is absent and the car comes to a stop the engine will stall. In automobiles, the clutch can be operated with the help of a pedal located on the floor of the vehicle. In an automatic transmission instead of a clutch, a torque converter is used to separate the transmission and engine. - 3 - Typical Stick Shift Patterns A desired gear can be selected by a lever which is usually located on the floor in between the driver and passenger seat. This selector lever is called the gear lever or gear selector or gear shift or shifter. This gear stick can be made to move in right, left, forward and backward direction. When the gear is placed on the N position or neutral position, no gear will be selected. To move the car in the backward direction, the R gear or reverse gear should be selected. Standard transmissions are more efficient and less expensive to produce than automatic transmissions. A Standard transmission is about 15% more efficient compared to an automatic transmission. Standard transmissions are generally stronger than automatic transmissions and off road vehicles take advantage of a direct gear selection so they can withstand rough conditions. Less active cooling is also required in manual transmission system because less power is wasted. - 4 - Popular Problem Checks Car will not go into gear Clutch disc is broken completely Internal transmission damage Failed clutch master cylinder Seized clutch slave cylinder Broken clutch fork pivot Broken clutch cable Car goes into gear but it fades out or is slipping Clutch is worn out and needs replacement Clutch is oil soaked from a external engine oil leak Car makes grinding noise while operating or shifting gears One of the roller or thrust bearings has failed The gear synchro is worn out not forcing the gear stop before it is engaged causing a grinding gear. A counter or main shaft bearing has failed causing misalignment of the gears Troubleshooting Noise and Problems If the vehicle is running and a whirring sound is heard, then it goes away when the clutch is depressed, the transmission input bearing has failed. If the transmission is quiet in neutral but when you depress the clutch a squeaking noise is observed, a clutch throw out bearing has failed. Tips:Never let little noises go unattended； a small noise can cause a large noise and transmission operation failure. Never overload a vehicle or tow beyond the capacity this can cause premature transmission failure. - 5 - 汽车变速器 汽车传统变速器是那种标准的手动变速器。标准手动变速器由一系列的齿轮、同步器、轴承、轴和换档拨叉组成。主离合器总成是用来启动和切断传动系与发动机。 齿轮组用来选择理想的传动比，通过换档杆带 动拨叉把齿轮从一个位置移到另一个位置来实现。同步器是用来在齿轮传动装置啮合以前使齿轮减速，避免齿轮磨损。中间轴控制齿轮组在合适的位置并且使输出轴与主动输入在反向。手动变速器没有变矩器，所以也没有不要配冷却系统，正确保养手动变速器只需要更换变速器油即可（手动档变速器没有自动变速器润滑油过滤器）。 换档杆 绝大多数手动变速器油一个倒档齿轮组和 4 到 6 个前进档齿轮组。一些汽车也有 8 个前进档齿轮组，然而 13 到 24 齿轮组的只在半挂货车上使用。区分手动变速器的有效途径是他们确切的前进档齿轮组数。例如，如果一个手动 变速器有 5 个前进档齿轮组，它会叫 5 速度标准变速器，或标准 5 档。 - 6 - 标准变速器典型配置 在变速器里面的传动轴上，有全部的前进档齿轮组和倒档齿轮组。大多数的手动变速器都是三轴变速器：输入轴、输出轴和中间轴或副轴。除了标准手动变速器，还有其他变速器像无级变速器、自动变速器和半自动变速器。就手动变速器，靠，变速器内的齿轮副选择传动比。然而，在自动变速器里，靠组合制动器、离合器群控制行星齿轮组来选择传动比。 如果有一款能手动选择传动比的自动变速器，那么这个系统叫做半自动变速器。驾驶员可以在任何时候选择传动比。在 一些车辆上，像赛车和摩托车上安装标准变速器，驾驶员能够选择上一个或下一个档位而不需要离合器。这种类型的变速器以能连续变数著称。在这种传动装置中离合器依然会用于起步。 离合器和飞轮总成 - 7 -