连接性状语.doc

_英语中,不论是口头表达,还是书面表达 ,总是通过一些词、词组、短语或从句把各种意义的句子和句子、从句和从句、语段和语段、意群和意群连贯起来, 好象一环紧扣一环的锁链那么完整,给人一个清浙、完美的语意表达.这种具有连句手段的词、词组、短语或句子又好似搭在两岸之间的桥梁 ,在上下文之间起到承上启下, 融汇贯通的作用。发挥这种作用的成分大多是连接性状语。这种状语在语篇中只起连接作用。连接性状语表示各种各样的语义关系 , 归纳起来 , 有以下几种 :1.表示列举和顺序：first (ly), second (ly), third(ly), for one thing , for another thing, for a start, to begin with, to start with , in the first place, in the second place , next , then , finally , last(ly), to conclude.例句：This project wont work: for a start , its a bad idea ; and secondly, it will cost too much .They talked about it for hours. Finally ,they decided to go .2）表示意义的增补和引申：also , besides , furthermore, moreover ,then, in addition , above all , what is more.例句：The house is not big enough for us , and furthermore , it is too far from town.They ate a seven-course meal; in addition, they drank three bottles of wine.3）表示同位关系：namely, for example, for instance , that is ,that is to say.例句：He is very fat, that is , he weighs 273 pounds.The passenger plane of the 1980s, namely the supersonic jet, transformed relations between people of the world.4）表示结果：as a result ,consequently ,so ,hence, therefore , thus 。例句：It rained heavily for three hours. Consequently, all the land here was under water.They refused to pay the higher rent when an increase was announced. As a result, they were evicted from the house.5）表示意义等同：equally ,likewise, similarly ,in the same way.例句：You must pack enough food for the journey. Likewise, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too. The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite well.6)表示推论：otherwise, then , therefore, in that case.例句：Do what you are told to ; otherwise, you will be punished.Ive never been to Wales. I, therefore, dont know much about it.7）表示换个说法：rather, in other words.例句：They are enjoying themselves. Rather, they appear to be enjoying themselves.My boss said that he would have to let me go. In other words, he sacked me.8）表示意义转折：instead , on the contrary , in contrast , by comparison,On the one hand on the other hand. 例句：He takes no interest in study; instead, he plays tennis all day.On the one hand, you dont want to be too aggressive. On the other hand, you shouldnt be too timid.9）表示让步：anyhow, anyway , however ,nevertheless , still ,though , yet , in any case, in spite of , at any rate ,despite, after all , all the same.例句：It was a very difficult test. He, nevertheless, passed it with distinction.She cant understand it. After all, she is only two.In spite of all her hard work, Sue failed the exam.I dont think we can succeed, but anyway we should try.I dont care how much the ticket costs , Im going in any case.10）表示时间过渡：meantime , meanwhile , in the meantime , at the same time. 例句：Theyll come in ten minutes. Meantime, well have some coffee.Tome was having many hardships. His brother in the meantime was having an easy time.11）表示改变话题：by the way .例句：We shall expect you. By the way, dinner will be at eight.12）表示概括总结：then , all in all , in conclusion , in a word , to sum up , to conclude .例句：All in all, their financial condition is not bad.In conclusion, Id like to say how much Ive enjoyed staying here.一给下列各句填入合适的连接性状语, 使意义相关联。1I dont want to buy the house. The price is too high. And _the house isnt in a suitable position.2. He is being a fool._, he is behaving foolishly.3. This food is very good and its probably something that people wouldnt get at home. _ , its not difficult to cook and its quick to prepare.4. You say you took the book without his permission._, you stole it.5. He says he wants to marry Susan. _, he shouldnt be quarrelling with her all the time.6. The term papers were very brief._, they were better than I expected.7. He has been in office for only a few months .He has, _ achieved more than any of his predecessors.8. Officially , he is in charge._, his secretary does all the work. 9. They dont often use their car over the weekend. _, you can borrow it if you want to.10. The news may be unexpected. _, it is true.11. I know he hasnt finished the work; but, _, he is a very busy man.12. He has not paid his debts._ , he has no intention of paying.13. Tom is endowed by nature with great talents; _, he has accomplished very little.14. Sidney was lively and talkative; _, his brother was quiet and reserved.15. It rained heavily last night ; _ , the land was flooded.16. The crowds jammed the street._, traffic was stopped for a few hours.17. Go into the cave at once; _ the enemy wont see you.18. The house was in bad repair; _ , it was to be sold at a reduced price.19. He hasnt paid his debt . _, this is not the first time.20. Tom Brown is well known in this city. _, he has been a member of the city council for many years._, he has done a lot in promoting general education in the locality. _, he is a football player of international reputation.段落写作的道理一样。句与句之间要通过一定的连接手段合乎逻辑地组织起来成为一个语义整体。 连接词也表示以下关系：时间关系与空间关系、列举与例证、引申与转折、推论与归纳、原因与结果等等过渡词语，具体有以下两大类：单个的连接副词或连词，如：Afterwards, later, in a few days , several weeks later then, nearby, next to ,firstly, secondly, finally, last, besides, furthermore , moreover ,likewise, otherwise, similarly , but , however, nevertheless, though , because, for, therefore, hence, accordingly, consequently, thus。介词词组、非限定分句、限定分句，如：since then , on the right/left, to the south /east/north/west , for example/instance , in other words , for all that , for that reason, in addition , in the same way , in that case , in short , in brief, if so , if not , to sum up , what is more , in/by contrast , for one thing. for another等。 Sample paragraph 1: Life in the 21st century demands professional ability. _, Young people today must prepare themselves through enough schooling for their career._, if one likes science , he might prepare himself to be a chemist or biologist . _ , ones interests might take him into serious study of business in order to qualify for such work as accounting or public relations .Sample paragraph 2: In the last twenty years, some undeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations, _ have at the same time grown faster, _ their standard of living hasnt improved. _, their increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal land. _, there has been no gain in the productivity of land labor.Sample paragraph 3: All over the country people are swimming, jogging, dancing, walking, playing tennis- doing things to keep fit. _ this school has consistently refused to construct and equip a fitness centre . The school has _ refused to open existing