研究生英语下 Unit7ppt课件.ppt

U8,AdditionallnformationfortheTeachersReference,TextThereHasAlwaysBeenOlympicMischief,Warm-upActivities,FurtherReading,WritingSkills,AdditionalWork,1,Warm-upActivities,1.Somepeoplesaymoneyisspoilingthebeautyofsportscompetitionsandthatthetraditionalvirtuesofcourtesyandsportsmanshiphavebeenmoreorlesslost.Othersinsistthatmoneyisnotspoilingthegamebutmakingitevenmorespectacular.Whichsidedoyoutake?2.Doyouhappentoknowanycaseoftrickeryanddishonestyinsports?,Warm-up1.1,2,Warm-up1.2,3.AEuropeancoachwasquotedassaying:“Aslongasyouarestillaliveforthevictoryceremony,youshouldgetyourreward.Thereisnoroomforethicsinsportsanymore.”Doyouagreewithhim?Doyouthinkitpossibleforathletestocompetefiercelyforvictorywhileobservingethicsandcourtesy?,3,ErichSegalwasborninBrooklyn,NewYork,thesonofarabbi.AtalentedLatinandGreekclassicist,heattendedHarvardUniversityforundergraduateandgraduatedegrees,taughtatHarvardandPrinceton,andbecameprofessorofcomparativeliteratureatYaleUniversityin1967.Aprolificwriter,heisbestknownasauthorofthescreenplayforYellowSubmarine,1968motionpicturehitbyTheBeatles,aBritishrock-n-rollgroup;andhisnovelLoveStory,aNewYorkTimesNo.1bestseller,latertranslatedintomorethantwentylanguagesworldwide.Themotionpictureversionreleasedin1971wasthenumberonebox,AIFTTR1.1,AdditionallnformationfortheTeachersReference,1.ErichSegal(1937-),4,AIFTTR1.2,officeattractionofthatyear.TwootherofhisbestsellerswereTheClass(1985)andDoctors(1988).,5,Accordingtotradition,theOlympicgameswerefirstcelebratedintheyear776B.C.TheywereheldinhonourofZeusofOlympiaandwerethusareligiousfestival.WhilsttheathletesintheearlystagesoftheGameswereprobablymainlyfromtheleisuredupper-classesandthereforemaybedefinedas“amateurs”,thererapidlydevelopedwhatcanonlybecalledprofessionalathletes,forwhomathleticscompetitionwasacareer,andwhomadelargeamountsofmoney(oritsequivalent)fromtheirsuccessinthedifferentathleticgamesandcompetitions.WeactuallyhearofGreekcities“poaching”athletesfromothercitieswithpromisesoffinancialrewards.,AIFTTR2.1,2.theOlympicGames,6,AIFTTR2.2,TheOlympicGameswerewhattheGreekscalled“crownedGames,ie.”therewerenocashprizesorprizesingoods,butonlyasimplewreathofwildolive.Moreover,unlikethemodernGames,onlythewinnerwascrowned,withnowreathbeingofferedtosecondorthirdplace-getters.Butthefinancialandmaterialrewardswhenthevictoriousathletereturnedhomewereverygreatindeedandasecureandprosperousfutureawaitedhim.Moreover,apartfrombeingidolisedandmadeintopopularheroesbothathomeandthroughouttheHellenicworld,manyanathletegainedimmortalfamebybeingmadethesubjectofavictory-odebyfamouspoets.,7,Notallathletesliveduptothecodeofexcellence.Somewerediscoveredcheatinginthegames.Inthepast,onlyaboutonepercentofathleteshavetestedpositiveforbannedsubstances,andthisnumberisgenerallyconsideredonlyafractionofthosewhouseperformance-enhancingdrugs.Howeverthematterofdopinghasreareditsheadandhasbeendeveloping.Athletesknowhowtousethesesubstancesandavoiddetection.Theathleteshavesupporterswhogetthemthelatestdrugs.Therearealsosomelatestwaystocheat:tattooingtheirdrugsofchoiceundertheskin,procuringthefourthgenerationoferythropoietin(EPO)orpoppingViagramixedwithgulpsoflaughinggas.,AIFTTR3.1,3.CheatinginOlympics,8,4.Drugtest,Adrugtestiscommonlyatechnicalexaminationofurine,blood,semen,sweat,ororalfluidsamplestodeterminethepresenceorabsenceofspecifieddrugsortheirmetabolizedtraces.Thereareseveralcommontypesofdrugtestsincludingurinedrugscreen,hairdrugtesting,hairalcoholtesting,salivadrugscreen,sweatdrugscreen.Thedifferenttypesofdrugtestsaretestedinverysimilarways.Beforetestingthesample,thetamper-evidentsealischeckedforintegrity.Ifthesealisdamaged,thetestwillberejected.TherewerenodrugtestsforOlympicathletesintheearlyyearsofourcentury.Asdrugtestingisamatterofsafetyandfairness,sotheIOCinitiatedthedrugtesting.,AIFTTR4.1,9,5.1984ByGeorgeOrwell,NineteenEighty-Four(alsotitled1984),byGeorgeOrwell(thepennameofEricArthurBlair),isa1949Englishnovelaboutlifeunderafuturisticauthoritarianregimeintheyear1984.Itisachillingdepictionofhowthepowerofthestatecouldcometodominatethelivesofindividualsthroughculturalconditioning.IttellsthestoryofWinstonSmith,afunctionaryattheMinistryofTruth,whoseworkconsistsofeditinghistoricalaccountstofitthegovernmentspolicies.SmithisdegradedandtorturedafterheisarrestedbytheThoughtPoliceundertheinstructionofthetotalitariangovernmentofOceania.,AIFTTR5.1,10,AIFTTR5.2,Thebookhasbeentranslatedintosixty-twolanguages.Ithasmajorsignificanceforitsvisionofanall-knowinggovernmentwhichusespervasiveandconstantsurveillanceofthepopulace,insidiousandblatantpropaganda,andbrutalcontroloveritscitizens.Thebookhadasubstantialimpactbothinliteratureandontheperceptionofpublicsurveillance.,11,Text,ThereHasAlwaysBeenOlympicMischief,Notes,IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle,PhrasesandExpressions,Exercises,MainIdeaoftheText,12,MainIdeaoftheText1,MainIdeaoftheText,Inthetext,SegalseruditioninancientGreekandRomanistappedashevividlymakesthecasethat,contrarytoassumption,theearliestOlympicgamessharedmanyoftheimperfectionsdecriedaboutthemodernones,includingtheprofessionalizationofamateurathletes,gambling,cheating,rowdiness,intimidation,commercialization,politicization,andevendosingwithillegal,performance-enhancingdrugs.,13,ErichSegal(1937-)wasborninBrooklyn,NewYork,thesonofarabbi.AtalentedLatinandGreekclassicist,heattendedHarvardUniversityforundergraduateandgraduatedegrees,taughtatHarvardandPrinceton,andbecameprofessorofcomparativeliteratureatYaleUniversityin1967.Aprolificwriter,heisbestknownasauthorofthescreenplayforYellowSubmarine,1968motionpicturehitbyTheBeatles,aBritishrock-n-rollgroup;andhisnovelLoveStory,aNewYorkTimesNo.1bestseller,latertranslatedintomorethantwentylanguagesworldwide.Themotionpictureversionreleasedin1971wasthenumberoneboxofficeattractionofthatyear.TwootherofhisbestsellerswereTheClass(1985)andDoctors(1988).,IntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle1,IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle,14,IntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle2,ThereHasAlwaysBeenOlympicMischiefwasfirstpublishedinTVGuidemagazineonJuly28,1984.InitSegalseruditioninancientGreekandRomanistappedashevividlymakesthecasethat,contrarytoassumption,theearliestOlympicgamessharedmanyoftheimperfectionsdecriedaboutthemodernones,includingtheprofessionalizationofamateurathletes,gambling,cheating,rowdiness,intimidation,commercialization,politicization,andevendosingwithillegal,performance-enhancingdrugs.,15,Everyfouryears,whentheOlympicsrollaroundagain,journalistsseemautomaticallytorecyclethosemisty-eyednotionsabout“GoodOldDays.”TheyeulogizetheoriginalGreekGamesasbeingpureanduncommercial.Ifwebelievewhatweread,everyancientcompetitorwasanamateur,andallworshippedfairplay.,Part2_T1,ErichSegal,ThereHasAlwaysBeenOlympicMischief,Text,16,Thisis,ofcourse,sheernonsense.AsLordByronquipped:“Alltimeswhenoldaregood.”Infact,themythologyofaperfectOlympicsisthemoderninventionofsnobsandself-styledpurists,perpetuatedbysportswritersandtelevisioncommentatorsatalosstofillairtime.Hereisthenot-so-rosytruth.FromasfarbackasHomersIliadwhichportraysgamesofthe12thcenturyB.C.Greekathletescheatedasamatterofcourse.Theirentireethicwasbasedonwinningbyfairmeansorfoul.Olympicboxershitwheretheywerentsupposedto,andtookbribestotakedives.Runnersjumpedthegun(tobeprecise,theGreeksusedatrumpet),andtheyelbowedoneanotherviciouslyonthecurves.,Part2_T2,17,Part2_T3,Thechariotracerswereevenmorebrutal,especiallyintheGamesheldundertheRomanEmpire.Wehaverecordedcasesofdriversstabbingrivalsastheirvehiclesdrovenecktoneck.Perhapsmostamazingofall,ifitwerelaterprovedthat,say,aboxerorawrestlerhaddishonestlywonthroughbriberyhestilldidntlosehistitle.Perhapsyouareaskingwherethejudgeswere.Oh,theGreekshadtheusualreferees,umpires,andsoforth.Butthesearbiterswereoftensusceptibletofinancialenticementsandtreats.Andevenifanhonestjudgewasstationedattheturningpostthattherunnershadtocircle,hestillhadgreatdifficultyindeterminingwhoseelbowwassmashingintowhoseribs,18,becausetheathletesdidntwearnumbers.Forthatmatter,theydidntwearuniformseither.Indeed,onerealdifferencebetweentheancientandmoderngameswasthefactthatalltheGreekathleteswereobligedtocompeteinthenude.YoumightthinkthatthisbarenesswouldhavemadeitimpossibletocommercializetheancientGames.Afterall,thestarscouldntbepaidtowearanybodystrackshoesorsweatshirts.Thatmuchistrue,butwewouldbenaivetothinkthattheathletesweretherefore“amateurs.”Then,asnow,theOlympicsmeantbigbucks(sorry,drachmas)forthechampions.AccordingtoarecentbookbyProfessorDavidYoungoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara,thewinnerofthesprintcould,infact,expecttoearntheancientequivalentofseveralhundredthousanddollars!,Part2_T4,19,Tobeginwith,therewastheactualprizemoney.FromatleastthesixthcenturyB.C.theGreeksopenlygavecashawardsforfirstplaceintheOlympics.Afterthattherewerehugefeesthatthesenewlycrownedchampionscoulddemandfor“personalappearances.”No,Iamnotbeinganachronistic.Promotersofminortrackmeetswhichwereoftenheldtoadvertiselocalproducts(!)wouldforkoverplentytohavethehottestrunnersofthedaymerelyshowup.Whatsmore,theathletesweregenerallyabsolvedbytheirhometownfrompayingtaxesandweregivenfreemealsforlife.,Part2_T5,20,Thus,eveninclassicaltimes,theOlympicswereahighlycommercialaffair.Andtheywerealsohighlypolitical.Therewereferociousrivalriesamongthevariouscity-states,bothfromthemainlandandthevariousGreekcolonies,tohaveoneoftheirownwinabigtitle.Iamnotafraidtonamenames.ThegreatestsprinterinantiquitywasacertainAstylos,whohailedfromCrotona,atinyGreekvillageinItaly.AttheGamesof488B.C.hedazzledallbywinningbothsprintevents.Afterwards,AstyloswasapproachedbysomeboysfromSyracuse,thenarichandgrowingcityinSicily,whomadehimanofferhecouldntrefuse.,Part2_T6,21,Part2_T7,TheysuggestedthathechangecitizenshipsohecouldrunfortheircitysteaminthenextOlympics.Thepricewasright.Andthedealpaidoff.IntheGamesofboth484and480,herepeatedhisamazingdouble.ButheenteredtherecordbooksasAstylosofSyracuse.Whichprovesthatmoneycanbuyanything,includingOlympicchampions.LestIbesmirchthenameofagreatathlete,letmehastentosaythatIdonotimplythatAstylosreallycheated.Hesimplyacceptedalotofcashtomovetoabiggerbaseofoperations.Ithappensallthetimetodaywithcorporateexecutives.,22,Part2_T8,Letusconcludethisiconoclasticsurveyofancientmisbehaviorwithtworatherbizarreanecdotes.AccordingtotheauthorityofthegreathistorianPlutarch,KingMithridatesofPontus(firstcenturyB.C.)poisonedtherivalcharioteerwhodaredtobeathiminarace.AndfinallytherewasthemultitalentedemperorNero.InA.D.67,hehadtheofficialsholdaspecialGamesatOlympiainhishonor.Helastedabouttwentyyardsandfelloffhischariot.Buthewasnonethelessdeclaredthewinner.Inthisinstance,thejudgeswerenotbribed.Theyweresimplyscared.,23,WhentheGameswererevivedin1896,alltheancientshenaniganswererevivedwiththem.Andastimeprogressed,refinementswereadded.ItalmostgoeswithoutsayingthattheGreeksoverwhelmedtheircountrymanSpiridonLoues,thewinnerofthemarathon,withnumeroustangiblerewards.(Someaccountssayfemalespectatorsthrewtheirjewelsdowntohimonthetrack.)Butletusquicklysayhewonfairandsquare.Andyetwhenhecrossedthefinishline,hewasalittle“high”onmorethanjoyhavingfortifiedhimselfalongtheroadwithswigsofsugaredwine.,Part2_T9,24,Part2_T10,Bycontrast,thefirstmarathonertoreachthestadiumintheSt.LouisOlympicsin1904wasoneFredLorzoftheUnitedStates.JustbeforePresidentTeddyRooseveltsdaughterwastogivehimhismedal,itwasdiscoveredthatLorzhadnot,afterall,gonetheentiredistanceunderhisownsteam.Havingcrampedupataboutninemiles,heacceptedaridefromapassingcar.Buttheautoalsocrampedupalittlelater,andLorzjumpedoutandjoggedtherestofthewaytothestadium,arrivingwellbeforetheotherracers.This“victory”isoneofthelightermomentsinthehistoryofOlympiccheating.,25,Moreominousisthefactthatdistancerunnersveryquicklybegantakingstimulants.Strychninewasoneoftheearliestdrugsusedforthispurpose.Indeed,T.J.Hicks,theathletewhoactuallygotthemarathongoldmedalafterLorzwasdisqualified,hadsustainedhimselfenroutewithlargequantitiesofbrandyandsmalldosesofstrychnine.Thoughhisphysicianwasnotsecretiveaboutit,Hicksgottokeephismedal.OfcoursetherewerenodrugtestsforOlympicathletesintheearlyyearsofourcentury.Strychninewasagainusedbytherunnersinthe1908LondongamesduringthefamousmarathoninwhichtheItalianDorandoPietrireachedthestadiumfirstandcollapsedbeforehegottothetape.Thistime,Part2_T11,26,Part2_T12,oneoftheofficialdoctorsrushedovertogivehimaquickinjectiontohelphimfinish.ButtheshotnearlyfinishedDorando,andhehadtobetakentothehospitalafterbeingdisqualifiedfornotcompletingtheraceonhisown.Sincethen,doctorshavebeenhardatworktryingtoinventsubstancesthatwouldimproveperformancewhileescapingdetection.Thismedicalresearchmayhavehelpedperformancesbutithasoftenharmedathletes.TragiccaseslikethatofKnudJensen,aDanishcyclistinthe1960RomeGameswhocollapsedanddiedfromacombinationofstimulants,spurredtheinternationalOlympicCommitteetoinitiatedrugtesting.,27,Part2_T13,In1976,OlympiccheatingenteredtheElectronicAge.Duringthefencingeventofthemodernpentathlon,thelightonthepeoftheUSSRsBorisOnischenkoflashedtoindicatethathehadscoredahitagainsthisadversary.Unfortunately,atthetimeitwentoff,theweaponwasnowherenearhisopponent,BritainsJimFox.Uponinvestigation,thejudgesdiscoveredthatBorishadbeenarathernaughtyboy,havingrewiredhisswordtolightatanymomenthewoulddeemappropriate.BorisandtheentireSovietteamwereimmediatelydisqualified.Theathletehimselfhasnotbeenheardfromsince.PerhapshehasbeensenttoSiberia.Ortoabetterelectronicschool.,28,Part2_T14,Thenthereisthematterof“sexcheating.”Thiscaninvolvewomentakingsuchlargedosesofmalehormonestoimprovetheirperformancethattheylosenearlyallfemalecharacteristicsandshouldreallynotbeallowedtousetheladiesroom.(Insomecasesthesexoftheathleteisamatterofconjecture.)ThereisnoneedtoconjectureaboutDoraRatjen,theGermanathletewhojustmissedagoldmedalinthewomenshighjumpinthenotoriousOlympicsof1936.“She”subsequentlysetworldrecordsinthiseventthatremainedonthebooksuntilyearslater,whenitwasdiscoveredthat“Dora”was,infact,HermannRatjen,amediocremaleathlete,butanexcellentfemaleimpersonator.,29,AsIlookoverwhatIhavewritten,IfeelthatIhavepresentedanexcessivelybleakpictureofaninherentlygloriousevent.Thoughthemisbehaviordescribedistragicbuttrue,Istilldonotsharethepessimismofthewriterwhosemostfamousworkhasgivenhimanear-franchiseonthedigit“1984.”GeorgeOrwellviewedtheOlympicsas“boundupwithhatred,jealousy,boastfulness,disregardofallrulesandsadisticpleasureinwitnessingviolence;inotherwords,itisawarwithouttheshooting.”Thisisgoingmuchtoofar.TheOlympicsarenothingmoreorlessthanareflectionofeverythingthatisgoodaswellasbadinhumannature.TheanecdotesofancientGreekskulduggeryprovethattheGameshavealwayssufferedfromwhatwemightbenevolentlycall“humanfrailty.”,Part2_T15,30,AndonemightarguethatourownagecanactuallyclaimatinybitofmoralsuperiorityoverclassicalGreece.Veryfewofus,Ithink,wouldsubscribetotheviewofaEuropeancoach,whowasrecentlyquotedassaying:“Aslongasyouarestillaliveforthevictoryceremony,youshouldgetyourreward.Thereisnoroomforethicsinsportsanymore.”Thisiscynicalintheextreme.IfirmlybelievethatthemajorityofspectatorstodaywatchtheOlympicstosee“pure”excellence.LikeMarkSpitzssevengoldmedals.Ortheupsetvictoryofthefresh-facedAmericanhockeyteamin1980.OrtheeagerlyawaitedperformanceofCarlLewisthistime.ThatiswhattheOlympicsarereallyabout.,Part2_T16,31,RomanEmpire:theempireofancientRomethatlastedfrom27B.C.,whenitwasestablishedbyAugustus,to395A.D.,whenitwasdividedintotheEasternRomanEmpireorByzantineEmpire（395-1453A.D.）andtheWesternRomanEmpire（395-476A.D.）,Notes,Part2_TA_Notes1,LordByron(GeorgeGordonByron,1788-1824):Englishpoet,atalosstofillairtime:nothavingenoughnewstoreport,to“fill”onesbroadcastingtimeslot,HomersIliad:alongGreekepicpoemaboutthesiegeofIlium,orTroy,bytheGreeks.Homer(c.900-800B.C.)issupposedtobeitsauthor.,32,Part2_TA_Notes2,Notes,KingMithridatesofPontus:Mithridates(c.132-63B.C.),KingofPontus(120-63B.C.),alsocalledMithridatesEupator;Pontus,anancientcountryinnortheasternAsiaMinor,borderingtheBlackSea,lateraRomanprovince,SantaBarbara:acityandseasideresortinSouthernCalifornia,Sicily:thelargestislandintheMediterranean,anautonomousregionofItaly,fromwhichitisseparatedbythestraitofMessina,Plutarch:(46-120A.D.)Greekbiographer,philosopherandmoralist,authorofthefamousParallelLives,33,Part2_TA_Notes3,Notes,TeddyRoosevelt(TheodoreRoosevelt,1858-1919):26thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1901-1909),Nero(NeroClaudiusCaesarGermanicus,37-68A.D.):degenerateRomanemperor(54-68A.D.),Siberia:alargeregionoftheformerSovietUnioninAsia,extendingfromtheUralMountainstothePacificOcean:politicalprisonersordissentersoftenimprisonedthereduringthetimeoftheU.S.S.R.,34,Part2_TA_Notes4,Notes,whosemostfamousworkhasgivenhimanear-franchiseonthedigit“1984”:1984isanovelwrittenbyEnglishnovelistGeorgeOrwell(1903-1950).Itisaboutamansstruggleagainsttotalitarianismofthefutureandhisfinaldefeatbyacceptingit.Heretheauthormeansthenovel1984makesOrwellsofamousthatonlyhehasthespecialrighttousethedigit“1984”.,MarkSpitz(1950-):U.S.swimmer,winnerofsevengoldmedalsatthe1972Olympics,theupsetvictory:theunexpectedvictory,35,Part2_TA_Notes5,Notes,CarlLewis(1961-):U.S.trackstarwhowonfourgoldmedalsinthe1984LosAngelesOlympics,36,rollaround:goroundandround;returnataregularorusualtimefairplay:equaltreatmentofbothorallsidesbecauseofrespectfortherulesbyfairmeansorfoul:byhonestorunfairmethodstakeadive:loseamatchonpurposejumpthegun:startrunningbeforethegunsignalmarkingthebeginningoftheracehasbeenfirednecktoneck:(alsoneckandneck,inhorse-racingorincontest,struggle,etc.)withneitheronenortheotherhavinganadvantageorleadforkover:handover;payout,PhrasesandExpressions,Part2_TA_PhrasesandExpressions1,37,hailfrom:comefromin(sb.s/sth.s)honor:outofrespectfor(sb./sth.)fairandsquare:justly;honestlyunderonesownsteam:withouthelpfromothers;unaidedcrampup:causetohaveacontractionorparalysisofmuscles;havespasmsgooff:takeplaceorhappeninthewayspecified,Part2_TA_PhrasesandExpressions2,38,舞弊行为常伴奥运会,Part2_TA_t1,每逢四年一度的奥运盛会，记者们似乎总会自然而然地对“过去的好时光”产生一些模糊的概念。他们称颂古希腊奥运会的纯洁性和非商业性。要是相信他们所写的文章，那么古代的每一个运动员都只是业余爱好者，都崇尚公平竞争。这当然纯粹是一派胡言。诗人拜伦有一句妙语，“无论是哪个时代，只要过去了就会变得美好起来。”事实上，曾经