专题2 名词详解及练习题.doc

专题2 名词名词类别例词专有名词(表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称)人名、地名Mark Twain,Hong Kong称呼Mr.Brown,Uncle Wang,Professor Smith节假日Childrens Day,the Christmas Day,the Spring Festival星期、月份Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,January组织、机构the United Nations,UNESCO,WTO普通名词(是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词)可数名词个体名词(表示单个的人和事物的个体)book,host,kid集体名词(表示一群人或一些事物的名称)cattle,people,team不可数名词物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物）wood，silk,water抽象名词（表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念）honesty,courage,patience,happiness知识组一 名词的数1 可数名词的数Point 1 可数名词复数形式的规则变化1. 一般情况下，直接在名词词尾加-s.2. 以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词直接在词尾加-es.注意：stomach的复数形式为stomachs,因为词尾的ch发/k/.3. 以-f或-fe结尾的名词，把f或fe变为v，再加-es.4. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i，再加-es.5. 以“元音字母+y”结尾，直接加-s.6. 以“辅音字母+o”结尾，多数情况下加-es.7. 以“辅音字母+o”结尾，一般加-s.口诀助记 以-f(e)结尾，复数变-ves的名词：小偷（thief）之妻（wife）生活（life）难，自己（self）扫叶（leaf）来做饭。忽见一狼（wolf）躲架（shelf）后，取刀（knife）把它劈两半（half）。以-o结尾，复数加-es的名词黑人（Negro)英雄（hero）爱吃西红柿(tomato)和土豆(potato).Point 2 可数名词复数形式的不规则变化8. 改变单词内的元音字母:如foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,man-men,policewoman-policemen9. 词尾加-en或-ren.ox-oxen,child-children10. 有些名词单复数同形。如，sheep,deer,means,series,works11. 表示某国人的名词，有三种情况：（a）单复数相同；如Japanese,Chinese,Swiss（b)变-man为-men;Frenchman-Frenchmen,Englishman-Englishmen(c)词尾加-s，German-Germans,Russian-Russians,American-Americans.请按照单数名词变复数规则，变换下列单数名词。desk_ glass_box_ brush_leaf_ thief_wife_ wolf_factory_ goose_monkey_ mouse_month_ foot_bath_ hero_brush_ German_dog_ Negro_friend_ photo_map_ Chinese_watch_ Swiss_Point 3 复合名词的复数形式：1. 一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief 2. 无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（无用的人），go-betweens （中间人），look-outs（守望者） 3. 由man, woman,构成的复合名词应将-man(-woman)变成复数形式-men(或-women）；但若是由man（或woman）作前置定语，则常把定语和被修饰语都变成复数，即“men或women+复数名词”。例如：fireman-firemen, firewoman-firewomenMan doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachersPoint 4 集体名词的数(1) 有些集体名词以单数形式出现，但表示复数意义；作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：People，police,cattleThe police are looking for him.(2) 表示一个国家的国民总称的名词通常用作复数。The Chinese are hard-working and brave.(3) 有些集体名词视为不可数名词；作主语时，谓语动词用单数。这类名词有：Clothing,furniture,luggage,jewelry,poetry,equipment,mankind,machinery,scenery.The old machinery is out of date.(4) 有些集体名词既可以表示单数意义，又可以表示复数意义。若把集体名词看作一个整体，表示单数意义，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式；若强调集体中的各个成员，表示复数意义，作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。这类名词常见的有：family,couple,class,team,group,board,government,crowd,committee,audience,party(政党）, jury（陪审团）,youth（青少年),public公众All my family enjoy skiing.2 不可数名词的数不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算，没有词形变化，不能和a/an 连用。Point 1 不可数名词的数量表达（1） 不可数名词可用much,some,(a) little, a lot of,no,any等修饰。much water 许多水 some coffee 一些咖啡 a little juice 一点儿果汁a lot of money 很多钱 I didnt eat nay meat.Theres some milk in the glass.(2) 不可数名词的数量可用适当的量词来表示，结构为“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后的名词只用单数形式。A burst of laughter 一阵笑声 four items of news 四条消息Two pieces of advice 两条建议 Point 2 不可数名词的转换（1） 可转化为可数名词的物质名词当物质名词表示该物质的数量、种类、份数等时，可以转化为可数名词，可用不定冠词修饰或以复数形式来表示。Coffee-two coffees 两杯咖啡Tea- a tea 一杯茶Rain -a rain 一场雨Snow-a snow 一场雪Fish-fishes 多种鱼Food-foods 多种食物First, I heard a noise. 我先是听到一阵噪音。（表数量）The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜，不是水果。（表种类）Two strong black coffees,please.请来两杯不加奶的咖啡。（表份数）（2） 可转化为可数名词的抽象名词抽象名词表示具体的事物时，可用作可数名词，被不定冠词a/an修饰，表示“某个人或物”。A success 一个成功的人或一件成功的事A failure 一个失败的人或一件失败的事A surprise 一件令人惊讶地事A pleasure 一件令人高兴的事A pity 一个令人遗憾的事A wonder 一个神奇的人或一件神奇的事3 名词单复数的特殊用法Point 1 总以复数形式出现的用法表示由两个或多个部分组成一个整体的事物的名词一般总以复数形式出现，这类名词前不能用不定冠词，也不能用具体的数词修饰，但可以用a pair of,many等修饰。Glasses,trousers, gloves, shoes,scissors(剪刀）,socks,jeans, Point 2 复数形式表示特殊意义的名词Good好处- goods商品，货品 water水-waters水域，海域Paper 纸-papers 文件，公文 work-works 作品；工厂Arm胳膊-arms武器 custom习俗-customs海关Manner方式，态度-manners 礼貌，礼仪 Wood木材-woods树林注意： 1. fish 表示鱼的种类时，复数形式为fishes；表示条数时，复数形式为fish。 I keep five fishes in the fishbowl. I caught a fish/two fish. 2. penny 指硬币的个数时，复数形式为pennies；指面值时，复数形式为pence。 I have only a few pennies in my pocket. 我口袋里只有几枚便士。 The pencil costs 75 pence. 这只铅笔75便士。4. works 表示“工厂”时，单复数同形；表示“著作”时，单数形式为work，复数形式为works；表示“工作”时，则是不可数名词。 two gas works 两家煤气厂 a work of Shakespeares 莎士比亚的一部作品 5. cattle，单数形式表复数意义，谓语动词用复数。表牲畜的头数，用head的单数形式。 Three head of cattle twenty head of cattle 6. goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，谓语动词用复数，通常不与数词连用。 Who do these goods belong to? Such clothes are very expensive. 4 名词的数量修饰词1. 只能修饰可数名词的词Both, few, a few, these, those, many, a good many,a (large) number of, a score of, scores of, a dozen of, dozens of,.2. 只能修饰不可数名词的词Little, a little, much, too much, a bit of, a (great) deal of, a large amount of, quite a little,.3. 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的词Any, all, half, most,some, plenty of, masses of,a lot of, lots of, a (large) quantity of, quantities of.练习( ) 1. These _ have saved many childrens lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor ( ) 2. There are many _ on the mountain. A. apple tree B. apples trees C. apples tree D. apple trees ( ) 3. This is _bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anna and Jane B. Annas and Janes C. Annas and Jane D. Anna and Janes ( ) 4. -Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep ( ) 5. -What would you like to drink, _ or orange? -Orange, please. A. hamburger B. chip C. tea D. cakes ( ) 6. - They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly. A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water B. C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters( ) 7. Mike hurt one of his _in the accident yesterday. A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear ( )8. There is some _ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears ( )9. There are many _ in the city. A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans ( )10. The_ has two _ . A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch ( )11. The little baby has two _ already. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths ( )12. -Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly. -But I think we should let _go out first. A. woman and children B. women and child C. woman and child D. women and children ( )13. Are they going to have a party on _ ? A. Childrens Day B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day ( )14. His father went to his doctor for _about his trouble.A .an advice B.some advice C advices D .the advices ( )15. Swimming is _in summer. A .a great fun B.great fun C .great funs D .great a fun ( )16. Is there _on that plate? A. some chicken B.any chicken C.some chickens Dany chickens 知识组2 名词的所有格（1） 有生命名词的所有格 1 单数名词在词尾加“-s” my sisters pen the doctors degree Mr. Smiths car 2 以s或es结尾的名词或复数，只在词尾加. the teachers office, the workers club 4 不是以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格，直接在词尾加“s” Womens clothing, childrens readings 5 复合名词的所有格直接在词尾加“s” her daughter-in-laws house , one and a half hours ride 6 并列名词表示共同所属时，只在最后一个名词后加“s”；如果表示各自所属，则分别在每个名词后 加“s”。 Li Ming and Wei Fangs desk 李明和魏芳的书桌（两人共有） Li Mings and Wei Fangs desks 李明的书桌和魏芳的书桌 7 当表示”.家”.店铺，“.诊所”等名词所有格时，所有格后不出现它所修饰的名词。 at Mr Greens在格林先生家， at the tailors在裁缝店里， at the barbers在理发店， at the doctors在医生诊所 8. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构、重量、价值等名词，虽然无生命，但也用s表示所有关系. ten minutes ride乘车10分钟的路程， Shanghais industry上海的工业， a pounds worth of apples价值一镑的苹果， the stations waiting room车站候车室 注意：当else 用在不定代词后面时，若表示所有格时，在else后加s。 Youd better listen to everybody elses opinion. 你最好听听其他人的意见。（2） 无生命名词的所有格 1 常用“of +名词”结构.多数情况下，of 所有格后面的名词是无生命的东西。 the top of the cliff the subject of the sentence 句子的主语 the engine of the car the city of Beijing 北京市 a map of the world, legs of a table 2 有些表示人和其他有生命的名词也用of所有格。特别是当定语较长时，只能用of短语。 the advice of my teacher the opinion of my parents the grandpa of the children the reports of the students the teacher of these naughty boys 3. 有时既可以用s所有格，也可以用of所有格。 the son of a farmer = a farmers son 一位农民的儿子the works of Marx = Marxs works 马克思的著作 the future of China = Chinas future 中国的未来 the author of the book = the books author 此书的作者 注意：以下情况中，s所有格和of所有格不能互换 1） 表示事物类别时，只用s所有格。 2） mens room 男厕所 childrens stories 少儿故事 womens magazines 妇女刊物 3) 当前后两个名词是同位关系时，只用of所有格。 the city of Xian 西安市 the year of 2008 the month of July 7月份（3） 双重所有格 当表示所有格的名词前有不定冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用“名词+of +名词s”的形式，这种结构称为双重所有格.1. 双重所有格表示特定人的不特定的所有关系。Of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词a,an,one,two,some,several等，但不能与定冠词连用。名词双重所有格表示整体中的一部分。a picture of my brothers我弟弟的一张照片 two pens of Johns约翰的两枝钢笔 some friends of Mr Zhangs张先生的几个朋友 several pupils of Mr. Yus 于老师的几个学生 【注意】双重所有格中带s所有格的名词必须是一个明确限定的、指人的名词。A book of my teachers A book of a teachers 1 -Hows Joys skirt? -Her skirt is more beautiful than _. A. her sisters and Kate B.her sister and Kate C.her sister and Kates D.her sisters and Kates 2 This is _ room. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Lucys and Lilys B.Lucys and Lily C.Lucy and Lilys 3 In _ time, those mountains will be covered with trees, too. A. few years B.a few years C.a few year D.a few years 4We will have a _holiday after the exam. A. two month B. two-month C. two months D. two-months 5 Did you hear the _report? A. policemen B. policemens C. policemens D. policemens 6 Its about _walk from my home. A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes 7 This is my dress. That one is _. A. Mary B. Marys C. sister D. mother 8 Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _ to his office. A. 20 minutes walk B. 20 minutes walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk 9Where is _ sweater ? I cant see it. A. Lucy B. Lucys C. Lucys D. Lucy 10 _ mothers made them have piano lessons. A. Peter and Anne B. Peters and Annes C. Peters and Anne D. Peter and Annes 知识组4 名词在句中的作用一 名词作定语 1.表材料的名词作定语; paper money a stone bridge 2.表地点的名词作定语; country music city life street light 3.表用途、性质的名词作定语; coffee cup book stores boy friends 4.有关后面名词内容的名词作定语; weather report weight problems 5.泛指时间的名词作定语: summer holidays morning paper 但具体时间作定语要用所有格。 yesterdays news five minutes walk名词作定语一般用单数，a football player 足球运动员 a paper basket 纸篓 a shoe factory 鞋厂 a car park 停车场 但也有以下例外。 1） sports、sales等 用复数作定语。例如： sports meeting 运动会 a sports hat 一个运动帽 students reading-room 学生阅览室 the sales department 销售部 talks table 谈判桌 2） man, woman,等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如： men workers women teachers 3）