2016年考研英语一真题及答案(同名21501).docx

SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)InCambodiathechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,thoseoftheyoungwomen,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan2alikelyspouseonhisownandthemaskhisparentsto3themarriagenegotiations.ortheyoungmansparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.4,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying6agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays7bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand8prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting,9cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebridesandgroomswrists,and10acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe11.Newlywedstraditionallymoveinwiththewifesparentsandmay12withthemuptoayear,13theycanbuildaflewhousenearby. Divorceislegalandeasyto14,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare15withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains16propertyheorshe17intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis18equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice19up.Thedivorcedmaledoesnthaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry20thewomanmustwaitthemonths.1.AbywayofBaswellasConbehalfofDwithregardto2.AadapttoBprovideforCcompetewithDdecideon3.AcloseBrenewCarrangeDpostpone4.AIntheoryBAboveallCIntimeDForexample5.AAlthoughBLestCAfterDUnless6.AintoBwithinCfromDthrough7.AsineBorCbutDso8.AtestBcopyCreciteDcreate9.AfoldingBpilingCwrappingDtying10.AlightingBpassingChidingDserving11.AmeetingBassociationCcollectionDunion12.AgrowBpartCdealDlive13.AwhereasBuntilCforDif14.AobtainBfollowCchallengeDavoid15.AisolatedBpersuadedCviewedDexposed16.AwhereverBhoweverCwheneverDwhatever17.AchangedBbroughtCshapedDpushed18.AdividedBinvestedCdonatedDwithdrawn19.Aclears20.AwhileBwarmsCshowsDbreaksBsowhatConceDinthatSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwoman.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthatinciteexcessivethinnessbypromotingextremedieting. Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupwithimpingingonhealth.Thatsastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarringthemselvestohealth-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmovetakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowoman(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbeorbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosinezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep-andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymesscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardformodelsandfashionimagesthererelymoreonpearpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrancesactions,Denmarksfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalcharterclearlystates,weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.ThechartersmaintollofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagen.Fashionweek,whichismenbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?APhysicalbeautywouldberedefinedBNewrunwayswouldbeconstructedCWebsitesaboutdietingwouldthriveDThefashionindustrywoulddecline 22.Thephraseimpingingon(Line2Para2)isclosestinmeaningtoAheighteningthevalueofBindicatingthestateofClosingfaithinDdoingharmto23.WhichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustryATheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailedBNewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmarkCModelsarenolongerunderpeerpressureDItsinherentproblemsaregettingworse24.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWforAsettingperfectphysicalconditionsBcaringtoomuchaboutmodelscharacterCshowinglittleconcernforhealthfactorsDpursuingahighagethresholdformodels25.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?AAchallengetotheFashionIndustrysBodyIdealsBADilemmaforthestarvingmodelsinFranceCJustAnotherRoundofstruggleforbeautyDTheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryText2Forthefirsttimeinthehistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsratethecountrysidealongsidetheroyalfamily.ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakethemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosavethebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperiencearefreshingair.Hillspressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydontmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservativesplanningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizingoff-planbuildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilentonlyusensingitschance,hassideswiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItscampaigntoprotectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalconservativeparties. Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhousesfactoriesandofficesiswherepeopleareincitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroyedrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfofmillionhousesintheLandonareaalonewithnointrusionongreenbelts.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathathousingcrisisequalsconcretedmeadowsispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthemunderlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notlettrip,AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEuropesmostcrowedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenableittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative-thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.26.BritainspublicsentimentaboutthecountrysideAisnotwellreflectedinpoliticsBisfullybackedbytheroyalfamilyCdidntstartfilltheShakespeareanageDhasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS27.Accordingtoparagraph2，theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeingAlargelyovershadowedBproperlyprotectedCeffectivelyreinforcedDgraduallydestroyed28.Whichofthefollowingcanbeofferedfromparagraph3ALabourisunderattackforopposingdevelopmentBTheConservativesmayabandonoff-planbuildingCUkipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservationDTheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence 29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsbornesspreferenceAshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareaBstressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisisChighlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressureDrevealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas30.InthelastparagraphtheauthorshowhisappreciationofAthesizeofpopulationinBritainBtheenviableurbanlifestyleinBritainCthetown-and-countryplanninginBritainDthepoliticallifeintodaysBritainText3ThereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusinesswroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelPrize-winningeconomistThatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.ButevenifyouacceptFriedmanspremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholderssmoney,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-act.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompaniesatleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasasignalthatacompanysproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompanysproductsasanindirectmaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffusehaloeffectwherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmericansForeignCorruptPracticesAct（FCPA）.Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompanysproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations，theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat，amongprosecutedfirms，thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirmspoliticalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompanysrecordinCSR.Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials.saysoneresearcher. ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionathowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheycompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedmansstatementaboutCSRwithAuncertaintyBskepticismCapprovalDtolerance32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanybyAguardingitagainstmalpracticesBprotectingitfromconsumersCwinningtrustfromconsumers.Draisingthequalityofitsproducts33.Theexpressionmorelenient(line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaningtoAlesscontroversialBmorelastingCmoreeffectiveDlesssevere34.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompanysCSRrecordAcomesacrossasreliableevidenceBhasanimpactontheirdecisionCincreasesthechanceofbeingpenalizedDconstitutespartoftheinvestigation35.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSRaccordingtothelastparagraph?AThenecessaryamountofcompaniesspendingonitisunknownBCompaniesfinancialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimatedCItsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlookedDIthasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustryText4TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate.Sometimeinthefuture,thepaperspublishersaidbackin2010.Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,theresplentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaper-printingpresses,deliverytrucks-isntjustexpensive;itsexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdonthavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining. Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.PerettisaystheTimesshouldntwastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway.Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesenseforthem,hesaid,butifyoudiscontinueit,youregoinghaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou.Sometimesthatsworthmakingachangeanyway.PerettigivestheexampleofNetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming.Itwasseenasblunder,hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwereinchargeattheTimes?Iwouldntpickayeartoendprint,hesaidIwouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct.Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,andtheydfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein.Soifyoureoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,Perettisaid.Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue.Inotherwords,ifyouregoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichmaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayear-morethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription.ItsareallyhardthingtodoanditsatremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesnthavealegacybusiness,Perettiremarked.Butweregoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehavethingsweredoingthatdontmakesensewhenthemarketchangesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,itsbettertobemoreaggressivethatlessaggressive.36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlyduetoAtheincreasingonlineandsalesBthepressurefromitsinvestorsCthecomplaintsfromitsreadersDthehighcostofoperation37.Perettisuggeststhatinfaceofthepresentsituation,TheTimesshouldAmakestrategicadjustmentsBendtheprintseditionforgoodCseeknewsourcesofleadershipDaimforefficientmanagement 38.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraphs5and6thatalegacyproductAhelpsrestorethegloryofformertimesBismeantforthemostloyalcustomersCwillhavethecostofprintingreducedDexpandsthepopularityofthepaper39.PerettibelievesthatinachangingworldAtraditionalluxuriescanstayunaffectedBcautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solvingCaggressivenessbettermeetschallengesDlegacybusinessesarebecomingoutdated40.whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?Ashifttoonlinenewsp