定语从句讲解PPT最全.ppt

定语从句高考考点例析Thebestwayyoucanget,TheAttributiveClause,Complexsentence复合句：,由连词连接两个或多个主谓结构的句子，其中一个主谓结构是句子的主要部分（主句），另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分（如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语）。,复合句=,主句,+,定语从句,一个主谓结构是句子的主要部分（主句）,另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分（定语）,Thestudents(whodonotstudyhard)willnotpasstheexam.,主句主语,从句主语,从句谓语结构,主句谓语结构,在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。定语从句还叫做嵌入句，因形容词定语，所以又称之为形容词性从句。,Attributiveclause:,定语从句的位置：通常在先行词（在主句中）后。,语法讲解定语从句（theattributiveclause）,被定语从句限定的词是_，引导定语从句的词叫做_或_。,关系代词和关系副词有三大作用，即连接（连接定语从句和主句）、替代（替代前面的先行词）、成分（在定语从句中要充当一定的句子成分）。,在复合句中，充当_用的从句是定语从句,“先行词”,“关系代词”,“关系副词”,形容词,TheboywhoisreadingisTom.,先行词,关系代词,Hospitalisaplacewhereadoctorworks.,先行词,关系副词,先行词和关系词的关系,1.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.3.Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtupbyhisgrandfather.4.TheschoolwhereIstudyisfarfrommyhome.,themachine=that,theboy=who,theboys=whose,intheschool=where,关系代词实际上是先行词的复指,关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,Jointhefollowingsentences:Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.Aplaneiscanfly.,关系代词的实质,themachine,amachine,that/which,Revision1relativepronoun,who,whom,which,that,whose,relativeadverb,when,where,why,time,place,reason,时间状语,地点状语,原因状语,一.关系代词的基本用法和注意点,1.关系代词的基本用法,三.1.关系代词的基本用法,who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,Theman(who)Italkedwithisourteacher.,Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.,whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。,Theman(whom)InoddedtoisMr.Li.,who,whom,which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.,Thisrecorder（which）heisusingismadeinJapan.,which,Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.,that指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.,that,whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。,Weliveinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.,Thisisthelittlegirlwhoseparentswerekilledinthegreatearthquake.,whose,2.关系代词的用法注意点that和which的选择,(1)that指物时一般可以与which互换，但在下列情况引导词只用that，不用which。,当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时，如：a.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.b.Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.c.Thereislittle(that)theenemycandobesidessurrender.,先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much修饰时：,Ivereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.,that和which的选择,先行词是序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。,Thisisthebestbook(that)Iveeverread.,Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.,先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast修饰时。,Thatwhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.,当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who(whom)和which引导。如：,Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools（that）hehadvisited.,先行词是疑问词who,which,what时，定语从句用that而不用who,(whom)和which引导。,that和which的选择,Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?Whatthatisonthetablebelongstome?,当关系代词在从句中作表语时：,Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.,Which可以引导非限定性定语从句，可用于介词后，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。1Sheheardaterriblenoise,_broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that2.Theweatherturnedouttobegood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it,that和which的选择,（2）只用which的情况,B,B,(3)whose引导的定语从句注意点,whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如：Thebossinwhosedepartmentheworkedhadheardthenews.他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。,(3)whose引导的定语从句注意点,whose的先行词指物时，可用ofwhich代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhich，或=ofwhich+the+名词。如：Thenovelwhosetitle(=thetitleofwhich或ofwhichthetitle)isRedandBlackisveryinteresting.,whose引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。,whose的先行词指人时，可用ofwhom代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhom，或=ofwhom+the+名词。如：Theboywhosemother(=themotherofwhom或ofwhomthemother)isadoctorismyfriend.,二.关系副词when,where和why的用法,五.关系副词的基本用法,用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语，when可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,Istillrememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)IfirstcametoNanjing.,Myfatherwasbornintheyearwhen(=inwhich)WorldWarbrokeout.,1.when,1.when,用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语，where可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,Thisisthefarmwhere(=onwhich)weworkedwhenwewereyoung.,Theschoolwhere(=inwhich)hismotherteachesisinthewestofthecity.,2.where,2.where,用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语从句中作原因状语，why可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,Thereareseveralreasonswhy(=forwhich)theboysshouldbepunished.,Tomcouldntgivetheteacherthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewaslateforschool.,3.why,3.why,4.关系副词的用法注意点,(1)当先行词为time，表示“次数”时，应用关系词that或省略。如：Thisisthefirsttime(that)thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.,(2)当point,situation,position,case,stage等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，where在句中作状语。如：Canyouthinkofasituationwherethisphrasecanbeused?,4.关系副词的用法注意点,巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空,1)October1,1949wastheday_(_)Chinawasfounded.2)Beijingistheplace_(_)Icame.3)Isthisthereason_(_)hedidntwanttoseeme?,when,onwhich,where,fromwhich,why,forwhich,巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空,4)Isthistheroom_(_)wewerelivinglastwinter?5)Thedaysaregone_(_)weused“foreignoil”.6)Yesterday,wehadameeting_(_)wediscussedmanyproblems.,where,inwhich,when,duringwhich,atwhich,where,对比练习：用适当的关系词填空,1.Theroom_heoncelivedisstillthere.Theroom_Ihavetocleaneverydaybelongstomymother.,where/inwhich,(that/which),对比练习：用适当的关系词填空,2.Iwillneverforgettheday_Imetyou.Iwillneverforgettheday_wespenttogether.,when/onwhich,(that/which),Thereason_Idontknowisknowntohim.,(that/which),why/forwhich,3.Thereason_IdontknowthethingisthatIwasnotthereatthattime.,考点一:如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词,1、找出定语从句中是否主语和宾语都齐全。如齐全用关系副词。用什么关系副词看先行词。,Iwillneverforgetthedays(_Istayedwithyou).,when,_,_,JurassicParkisaboutapark_(averyrichmankeepsdifferentKindsofdinosaurs).,_,_,where,1958wastheyear_(Spielbergmadehisfirstrealfilm).,_,_,Pleasegivemethereason_(youmadesuchagreatsuccess).,_,_,when,why,Morningisthebesttime_(youpractisereadingaloud).,_,_,when,Doyourememberthelake_(youfirstmetyourgirlfriend.）,_,_,where,2、如定语从句中缺宾语，确定定语从句的谓语动词是不是及物动词，如是，用关系代词，如不是，用关系副词。,考点一:如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词,Yesterdaywewenttovisitthehouse_(thegreatwriterusedtolive).,_,_,where,inwhich,Thehouse_(theybuiltin1987)stayedupintheearthquake.,whichthat/,_,_,Luckilynoneofthepeople_(Iknow)werekilledintheearthquake.,whowhomthat/,_,_,Myfatherwasbornintheyear_(theSecondWorldWarbrokeout).,_,_,inwhich,when,3、如定语从句中谓语结构是被动结构，有主语，则用关系副词。,Kunmingisabeautifulplace_(flowersareseenalltheyearround).,where,October1stistheday_(newChinawasfounded).,when,Thewindow(_wasopenedthismorning)hasbeenbroken.,Whichthat,Themeeting(_willbeheldnextweek)isveryimportant.,Whichthat,考点一:如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词,考点二：as与which引导的定语从句,对这两个词作如下归纳：,1、如果定语放主句后，即引用as也可以用which.Hefailedtotheexam,as(=which)isnatural.Sheseemsascientist,as(=which)infactsheis.Grammarisnotadeadrule,which(=as)Ihavesaidbefore.,2、如果从句在主句前，这时要用as而不用which引导定语从句。如：,Asweallknow,hisparentswerekilledinthewar.,Asweallknow,theearthisround.,3.用于thesameas,suchas，asas,soas中，一般用as。e.g.Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.ThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.,4.as代表前面主句意思时，有“正如”之意，而which没有此意思，从句中的动词常是expect,know,see,think,want,suppose等。,Hewonthematch,aswehadexpected.Heagreedtotheplan,aswastobeexpected.Thepolicewerelookingforhim,ashethought.,考点二：as与which引导的定语从句,Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.,5.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如beknown，besaid，bereported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。e.g.Shehasbeenlateagain,aswasexpected.Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.,6.如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，则用which.,a.Hecheatedhisfriendofmachmoney,whichwasverydisgraceful.b.Hecamebacklate,whichmadehismotherworried.,考点二：as与which引导的定语从句,考点三：关系代词前介词的确定,如何选定介词:,1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：e.g.Isthatthenewspaperforwhichyouoftenwritearticles?2.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g.CanyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidiomsaboutwhichImsure.3.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：e.g.1949wastheyearinwhichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.,4.非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构，如：e.g.Thereare50studentsinourclass,two-thirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing.,5.Whose从句可转换为“of+关系代词”型，如：e.g.Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.,Theylivedinahouse,ofwhichthedooropenstothesouth.Theylivedinahouse,thedoorofwhichopentothesouth.,考点三：关系代词前介词的确定,关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。如：when=in/on/at+which,where=in/on/at+which,why=for+which介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。eg.1.Iwontforgetthedatewhen(onwhich)Iwasborn.2.Thisistheroomwhere(inwhich)Ilived.=ThisistheroomwhichIlivedin.3.Idontknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hehaventcometoday.4.Tomstillremembersthedayswhen(inwhich)theylivedinTianjin.,考点三：关系代词前介词的确定,思考？,是否所有的介词+关系代词都能用关系副词代替?,Thepainting(_Ilooked)waspaintedbyme.,atwhich,Thebook(_Iheard)waswrittentwentyyearsago.,aboutwhich,Thepen(_shewrotethatbook)cannowbeseeninamuseum.,withwhich,Kunmingisabeautifulplace_(flowersareseenalltheyearround).,where/inwhich,Iwillneverforgottheday_Ifirstmetyouontheship.,onwhich/when,duringwhich,Thefilm(_Ifellasleep)wasveryboring.,结论：只有当介词+关系代词充当地点状语、时间状语或原因状语时，才能用关系副词代替。,六.非限制性定语从句,1.非限制性定语从句的定义,非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开。不用that引导,Mywatch,whichisveryold,stoppedagain.,六.1.非限制性定语从句的定义,2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。试比较：,ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread.,Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.,2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词as或which引导。,(4)在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。,(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，而非限制性定语从句则不能。,(5)关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如：,(6)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。,Hehastwodaughters,theelderofwhomismarried.,Heisill,inspiteofwhichhekeepsonstudying.,1).a.Isawsometrees,andtheleavesof_wereblackwithdisease.b.Isawsometrees,theleavesof_wereblackwithdisease.2).a.Theprofessorisalittleman,onthenoseof_thereisapairofglasses.b.Theprofessorisalittleman,andonthenoseof_thereisapairofglasses,解题点拨:是否有连词是区分定语从句和并列句的关键。,them,whom,which,him,_,_,高考考点易混句型,1.定语从句与并列句,1).a.Thenews_ourvolleyballteamwonthematchmadeusexcited.b.Thenews_hetoldmeyesterdayisexciting.2).a.Imadeapromise_ifanyonesetmefree,Iwouldmakehimveryrich.b.Themothermadeapromise_pleasedallherchildren.,that,(that/which),that/which,that,解题点拨：that引导的定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制；在句中作成份(作宾语省略),指物时可用which代替；而同位语从句是对前面名词的说明和解释。that在从句中仅起连接作用,不充当成份，不能省略,不能用which代替。,.定语从句与同位语从句,1)a.Itisinthisroom_Ilivedlastyear.b.Itistheroom_Ilivedlastyear.2)a.Itwasatsevenoclock_hewenttoschoolthismorning.b.Itwassevenoclock_hewenttoschoolthismorning.,解题点拨：强调句型：Itis/was+被强调的成份+that/who+其它部分;去掉Itis/was.that/who,句子照样成立;而定语从句的引导词在句中要作成份。,that,where,that,when,.定语从句与强调句,注意一:way后面的定语从句,way后面的定语从句的引导词有inwhichthat或不填，如：IrecognizedhesfromAustraliafromtheway_hespeaks.,inwhich(that/不填),注意二：定语从句的位置问题,一般的说，定语从句由关系词引导紧跟在被修饰的词（先行词）后边。As引导的定语从句可以放在句首。,Ihappenedtomeetthemaninthestreet.A.whomyouoncespokeB.towhoyouoncespokeC.youoncespoketohimD.youoncespoketo,注意二：定语从句的位置问题,.Ihappenedtomeetthemaninthestreet.A.whomyouoncespokeB.towhoyouoncespokeC.youoncespoketohimD.youoncespoketo但是如果在容易造成歧义的情况下可以的。如果把定语从句放在inthestreet之前，容易被人理解为“你曾经在街上说过话的人”。所以先要照顾句子意思,注意二：定语从句的位置问题,但是如果在容易造成歧义的情况下可以的。如果把定语从句放在inthestreet之前，容易被人理解为“你曾经在街上说过话的人”。所以先要照顾句子意思，另如：HecametoParisin1897,_hebecameafamousactorlater.,where,注意三：疑问句theone有关的问题,1.Isthismuseum_youvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone2.Isthisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone,注意三：疑问句theone有关的问题,例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis_youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld.在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有theone可以，而后面的youvisitedafewdaysago则做one的定语从句。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。,定语从句考点归纳,2.如何判断介词,3whose的使用,4as的使用,1.that与which,6定语从句中的动词的数,5when,where,why与that,which的区分,1.that与which,1.Nothing_canbedonehasbeendone.2.Doyouhaveanything_youdontunderstand?,先行词是everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等不定代词，引导定语从句用that,that,that,1.ThisisthebestTV_ismadeinChina.2.Thefirstmuseum_hevisitedinChinawastheHistoryMuseum.,that,that,先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用that。,1.that与which,Ivereadallthebooks_youlentme.,that,先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last修饰时,引导定语从句用that。,1.that与which,1.Thefamouswriterandhisworks_theradiobroadcasthavearousedgreatinterestamongthestudents.2.Avictimisaperson,animalorthing_sufferspain,death,harm,etc.,先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that.,that,that,1.that与which,1.Who_youhaveeverseencandoitbetter?,Who做先行词时，引导定语从句用that,that,1.that与which,1.Herbag,in_sheputallhermoney,hasbeenstolen.2.Thisistheringon_shespent1000dollars.3.XiaoWang,with_Iwenttotheconcert,enjoyitverymuch.,which,which,whom,在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom,1.that与which,根据从句中的动词搭配,Thisisthebook_whichyouasked.注意：动词短语不能拆，即介词不提前我照顾的那个老人好多了。TheoldmanafterwhomIamlookingisbetter.TheoldmanwhomIamlookingafterisbetter.,介词+whom/which如何判断介词,for,根据从句中的形容词搭配,Hetoldmesomereferencebooks_whichIamnotveryfamiliar.Thisisourclassroom,inthefrontofwhichthereisateachersdesk.,如何判断介词,with,根据先行词与介词搭配,介词+关系代词=关系副词,Mygrandpawasbornin1939_theWorldWarbrokeout.KunMingisabeautifulplace_flowersareseenalltheyearround.,如何判断介词,inwhich,when,inwhich,where,Thesong,_weareinterestedwillbebroadcasttonight.Heisthehero_weareproud.Thisisthecollege_wellvisitafamousactor.Theearth_weliveisabigroundball.,inwhich,ofwhom,inwhich,onwhich,Exercise,Doyoulikethebook_shespent$10?Doyoulikethebook_shepaid$10?Doyouliketheteacher_shelearnedalot?Doyouliketheteacher_wearetalkinghasgoneabroad?Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most_hadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.,onwhich,forwhich,fromwhom,aboutwhom,ofwhich,介词+关系代词的使用,whose引导的定语从句,表示所属关系,Theriver_banksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.,whose,3Whose的使用,Thereareinthisclass20students,_aredifferent.A.whosebackgroundsB.ThebackgroundsofwhomC.ofwhomthebackgroundsD.thebackgroundsofwhose,Whose的使用,Theearthisround,_weallknow._isknowntoall,theearthisround_isknowntoallthattheearthisround.,as,As,It,4as的使用,ThisisthesamebookasIlost.ThisisthesamebookthatIlost.,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,这本书就是我丢的那本。,as的使用,Thisissuchaninterestingbook_wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_wealllike.,as,as,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。,定语从句,as的使用,Thisissuchaninterestingbook_wealllikeit.Thisissointerestingabook_wealllikeit.,that,that,这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。,结果状语从句,as的使用,1.Itisveryusefultomasteraforeignlanguage,_hasbeensaidbefore.,which,2_everyonehoped,Maryhaswonthefirstprize.,As,as的使用,5when,where,why与that,which的区分,）Illneverforgettheday_wefirstmetinthepark.）Illneverforgetthetime_Ispentwithyou.）Illneverforgetthetime_wasspentwithyou.）Thisisthemuseum_Ivisitedlastyear.,when,whichthat,whichthat,whichthat,5when,where,why与that,which的区分,Thisisthereason_(=forwhich)Ididntcomehere.Thereason_shegavewasnottrue.,whythat,which/that,指时间，地点或原因的先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。,6定语从句中的动词的数,Heistheonlyoneinhisclasswho_(have)gottheteacherspraiseHeisoneofthestudentsinhisclasswho_(have)gottheteacherspraise,has,have,关系词在定语从句中做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于先行词,Correctthesentences:,1.Imusingthepenwhichheboughtityesterday.2.Isthatfactorywhichyourfatheronceworkedin?3.ThemanwhomIspokeisfromCanada.4.July1,1999isthedaywhenwellneverforget.,(去掉),theone,_,to,_,which,5.Thestudentsandthingswhichyouspokeofareknowntous.,_,that,5.Einsteinissuchagreatscientistthatwemustlearnfrom.6.ThestudentwhosbookIhadborroweddidntcometoschooltoday.7.Whoistheworkerwhotooksomepicturesofthefactory.8.Itistheoneofthebestfilmswhichhavebeenshownrecently.9.ThethirdplacewhichwearegoingtovisitisHangzhou10.Whichisknowntoall,manysatellitearegoingaroundinthesky.,_,as,_,Whose