Seven Deadly Sins.ppt

,sevendeadlysins,thesevendeadlysins七宗罪,alsoknownasthecapitalvicesorcardinalsins,isaclassificationofobjectionablevices(partofchristianethics基督教伦理)thathavebeenusedsinceearlychristiantimestoeducateandinstructchristiansconcerningfallenhumanitystendencytosin.thecurrentlyrecognizedversionofthesinsareusuallygivenaswrath(暴怒）,greed（贪婪),sloth（懒惰）,pride（傲慢),lust(淫欲),envy（妒忌),andgluttony（饕餮）.,wrath(latin,ira),alsoknownasrage,maybedescribedasinordinateanduncontrolledfeelingsofhatredandanger.wrath,initspurestform,presentswithself-destructiveness,violence,andhatethatmayprovokefeudsthatcangoonforcenturies.wrathmaypersistlongafterthepersonwhodidanotheragrievouswrongisdead.feelingsofangercanmanifestindifferentways,includingimpatience,revenge,andvigilantism.wrathistheonlysinnotnecessarilyassociatedwithselfishnessorself-interest,althoughonecanofcoursebewrathfulforselfishreasons,suchasjealousy,(closelyrelatedtothesinofenvy).dantedescribedvengeanceasloveofjusticepervertedtorevengeandspite.initsoriginalform,thesinofangeralsoencompassedangerpointedinternallyratherthanexternally.thussuicidewasdeemedastheultimate,albeittragic,expressionofhatreddirectedinwardly,afinalrejectionofgodsgifts.citationneeded,wrath,greed(latin,avaritia),alsoknownasavariceorcovetousness,is,likelustandgluttony,asinofexcess.however,greed(asseenbythechurch)isappliedtoaveryexcessiveorrapaciousdesireandpursuitofwealth,status,andpower.st.thomasaquinaswrotethatgreedwasasinagainstgod,justasallmortalsins,inasmuchasmancondemnsthingseternalforthesakeoftemporalthings.indantespurgatory,thepenitentswereboundandlaidfacedownonthegroundforhavingconcentratedtoomuchonearthlythoughts.avariceismoreofablankettermthatcandescribemanyotherexamplesofgreedybehavior.theseincludedisloyalty,deliberatebetrayal,ortreason,citationneededespeciallyforpersonalgain,forexamplethroughbribery.scavengingcitationneededandhoardingofmaterialsorobjects,theftandrobbery,especiallybymeansofviolence,trickery,ormanipulationofauthorityareallactionsthatmaybeinspiredbygreed.suchmisdeedscanincludesimony,whereoneattemptstopurchaseorsellsacraments,includingholyordersand,therefore,positionsofauthorityinthechurchhierarchy.asdefinedoutsideofchristianwritings,greedisaninordinatedesiretoacquireorpossessmorethanoneneeds,especiallywithrespecttomaterialwealth.16,greed,overtime,theacediainpopegregorysorderhascometobecloserinmeaningtosloth(latin,socordia).thefocuscametobeontheconsequencesofacediaratherthanthecause,andso,bythe17thcentury,theexactdeadlysinreferredtowasbelievedtobethefailuretoutilizeonestalentsandgifts.citationneededevenindantestimethereweresignsofthischange;inhispurgatoriohehadportrayedthepenanceforacediaasrunningcontinuouslyattopspeed.themodernviewgoesfurther,regardinglazinessandindifferenceasthesinattheheartofthematter.sincethiscontrastswithamorewillfulfailureto,forexample,lovegodandhisworks,slothisoftenseenasbeingconsiderablylessseriousthantheothersins,moreasinofomissionthanofcommission.,sloth,inalmosteverylist,pride(latin,superbia),orhubris(greek),isconsideredtheoriginalandmostseriousofthesevendeadlysins,andthesourceoftheothers.itisidentifiedasadesiretobemoreimportantorattractivethanothers,failingtoacknowledgethegoodworkofothers,andexcessiveloveofself(especiallyholdingselfoutofproperpositiontowardgod).dantesdefinitionwasloveofselfpervertedtohatredandcontemptforonesneighbour.injacobbidermannsmedievalmiracleplay,cenodoxus,prideisthedeadliestofallthesinsandleadsdirectlytothedamnationofthetitularyfamedparisiandoctor.inperhapsthebest-knownexample,thestoryoflucifer,pride(hisdesiretocompetewithgod)waswhatcausedhisfallfromheaven,andhisresultanttransformationintosatan.indantesdivinecomedy,thepenitentswereforcedtowalkwithstoneslabsbearingdownontheirbackstoinducefeelingsofhumility,pride,lustorlechery(carnalluxuria)isusuallythoughtofasexcessivethoughtsordesiresofasexualnature.indantespurgatorio,thepenitentwalkswithinflamestopurgehimselfoflustful/sexualthoughtsandfeelings.indantesinferno,unforgivensoulsofthesinoflustareblownaboutinrestlesshurricane-likewindssymbolicoftheirownlackofselfcontroltotheirlustfulpassionsinearthlylife.,lust,likegreed,envy(latin,invidia)maybecharacterizedbyaninsatiabledesire;theydiffer,however,fortwomainreasons:dantedefinedthisasadesiretodepriveothermenoftheirs.envycanbedirectlyrelatedtothetencommandments,specificallyneithershallyoudesire.anythingthatbelongstoyourneighbour.indantespurgatory,thepunishmentfortheenviousistohavetheireyessewnshutwithwirebecausetheyhavegainedsinfulpleasurefromseeingothersbroughtlow.aquinasdescribedenvyassorrowforanothersgood.,envy,derivedfromthelatingluttire,meaningtogulpdownorswallow,gluttony(latin,gula)istheover-indulgenceandover-consumptionofanythingtothepointofwaste.inthechristianreligions,itisconsideredasinbecauseoftheexcessivedesireforfoodforitswithholdingfromtheneedy.14dependingontheculture,itcanbeseenaseitheraviceorasignofstatus.wherefoodisrelativelyscarce,beingabletoeatwellmightbesomethingtotakepridein.butinanareawherefoodisroutinelyplentiful,itmaybeconsideredasignofself-controltoresistthetemptationtoover-indulge.medievalchurchleaders(e.g.,thomasaquinas)tookamoreexpansiveviewofgluttony,14arguingthatitcouldalsoincludeanobsessiveanticipationofmeals,andtheconstanteatingofdelicaciesandexcessivelycostlyfoods.15aquinaswentsofarastopreparealistofsixwaystocommitgluttony,including:,gluttony,associationswithdemons,in1589,peterbinsfeldpairedeachofthedeadlysinswithademon魔鬼，恶魔,whotemptedpeoplebymeansoftheassociatedsin.accordingtobinsfeldsclassificationofdemons,thepairingsareasfollowslucifer/satan路西法:pride(superbia)lucifer是因傲慢，不愿向神子下跪引起耶和华不满mammon玛门:greed(avaritia）财宝和贪婪的错误神阿斯蒙蒂斯asmodeus:lust(luxuria)激怒或是欲望的魔神的始祖leviathan利维坦:envy(invidia)象征邪恶的一种海怪beelzebub别西卜:gluttony(gulaorgullia)苍蝇君王，圣经中以“鬼王”相称呼samael:wrath(ira)愤怒的化身belphegor:贝利尔sloth(acedia)原是亚述古国的莫布山神,thiscontrastsslightlywithanearlierseriesofpairingsfoundinthefifteenthcenturyenglishlollardtractlanterneoflight,whichdiffersinpairingbeelzebubwithenvy,abadonwithsloth,belphegorwithgluttonyandmatchingluciferwithpride,satan/amonwithwrath,asmodeuswithlustandmammonwithavarice.,becausethat,whentheyknewgod,theyglorifiedhimnotasgod,neitherwerethankful;butbecamevainintheirimaginations,andtheirfoolishheartwasdarkened.因为他们虽然知道神，却不当作神荣耀他，也不感谢他。他们的思念变为虚妄，无知的心就昏暗了。,seemingtobewise,theywereinfactfoolish,自称为聪明，反成了愚拙，andbythemthegloryoftheeternalgodwaschangedandmadeintotheimageofmanwhoisnoteternal,andofbirdsandbeastsandthingswhichgoontheearth将不能朽坏之神的荣耀变为偶像，仿佛必朽坏的人，和飞禽走兽昆虫的样式。,forthisreasongodgavethemuptotheevildesiresoftheirhearts,workingshameintheirbodieswithoneanother:所以神任凭他们，逞着心里的情欲行污秽的事，以致彼此玷辱自己的身体。becausebythemthetruewordofgodwaschangedintothatwhichisfalse,andtheygaveworshipandhonourtothethingwhichismade,andnottohimwhomadeit,towhombeblessingforever.sobeit.他们将神的真实变为虚谎，去敬拜事奉受造之物，不敬奉那造物的主。主乃是可称颂的，直到永远。阿们。,forthisreasongodgavethemuptoevilpassions,andtheirwomenwerechangingthenaturaluseintoonewhichisunnatural:因此神任凭他们放纵可羞耻的情欲。他们的女人，把顺性的用处，变为逆性的用处。andinthesamewaythemengaveupthenaturaluseofthewomanandwereburningintheirdesireforoneanother,mendoingshamewithmen,andgettingintheirbodiestherightrewardoftheirevil-doing男人也是如此，弃了女人顺性的用处，欲火攻心，彼此贪恋，男和男行可羞耻的事，就在自己身上受这妄为当得的报应。,。,andbecausetheyhadnotthemindtokeepgodintheirknowledge,godgavethemuptoanevilmind,todothosethingswhicharenotright;他们既然故意不认识神，神就任凭他们存邪僻的心行那些不合理的事beingfullofallwrongdoing,evil,desireforthegoodsofothers,hate,envy,puttingtodeath,fighting,deceit,cruelways,eviltalk,andfalsestatementsaboutothers;装满了各样不义，邪恶，贪婪，恶毒（或作阴毒）。满心是嫉妒，凶杀，争竞，诡诈，毒恨。,hatedbygod,fullofpride,withoutrespect,fullofloudtalk,giventoevilinventions,nothonouringfatherormother,又是谗毁的，背后说人的，怨恨神的（或作被神所憎恶的），侮慢人的，狂傲的，自夸的，捏造恶事的，违背父母的，withoutknowledge,nottruetotheirundertakings,unkind,havingnomercy:无知的，背约的，无亲情的，不怜悯人的。,who,thoughtheyhaveknowledgeofthelawofgod,thatthefateofthosewhodothesethingsisdeath,notonlygoondoingthesethingsthemselves,butgiveapprovaltothosewhodothem.他们虽知道神判定，行这样事的人是当死的，然而他们不但自己去行，还喜欢别人去行.-以上出自圣经罗马书,andnotjoinedtothehead,fromwhomallthebody,beingg