国际货物运输中电子提单的应用研究 英文文献.doc

1the status and tendency of chinese foreign trade enterprises nowadays less than 100 enterprises have passed the attestation of sa8000 in our country. among them guangdong province is the most “check the factory” of the transnational corporation is to check the suppliers which did not carry on the attestation of sa8000 according to the examination specific standards of sa80000 or social accountability standards regulated by the multinational company similar to the sa8000 at present the biggest pressure in our country is labor-intensive consumable goods manufactory such as the clothing factory toy factorythe athletics products factory and the shoe factory etc. at the same timethis trend just quickly expand from the whole consumer goods to the whole manufacturing industry such as consumable electronics product manufacturing industry the furniture industry and food industry. a lot of multinational companies declare they will accept the standards of sa8000they encourage the supplier and the contract factories to apply for the sa8000 attestationsome companies even request the schedule when the contract factory will meet the sa8000 standards 1 the influence of the sa8000 upon chinas enterprises the many employment problems in labor-intensive enterprises have lowered their management cost. if they improve the employment situation with the aim to obtain the attestation of sa8000 or meet the related standards it will immediately cause the management cost to increase and weaken the product competence in international market. specifically speaking what directly cause the increase of operation costs are the specifications from sa8000 about the working environmentworking hour and compensations and what indirectly cause the increase are those regulations which benefit employees such as the laboring conditions employees rights and administrative meansin addition the attestation of sa8000 is also a heavy burden to many chinas enterprises. the whole process to obtain such an attestation generally takes 1 year and the certificate is valid only in 3 years with rechecking every 6 monthswhich generally costs between rmb300000-500000 yuan. 2 the adjustment of enterprise management strategies before probing into how some enterprises should face the challenges from sa8000 in order to survive and further develop it is a must to take another variable into accountthe present situation and tendency of home labor market from the very beginning of2004 1aborers have fallen short in zhujiang delta which is called “shortage of peasant laborers”. today the problem becomes more serious instead. in 2006 some relevant persons in guangdong province claimed that there were one million job vacancies in guangdong provincethis phenomenon also appears in some other developed areas such as changjiang deltazhejiang provincefujlan province and so on which made nearly eighty percent of enterprises short of laborers there. the phenomenon is the outcome of various reasons. firstly in recent yearschina has attached most importance to “sannong” issue the government policy to help the rapid development in the countrysidewith various policies to benefit and support agriculture efficiently carried out the income in rural area is constantly increasingand the farmers are not willing to work in cities any more. secondly along with the continuous prosperity of chinese economymore and more factoriesarchitecture building sites and service industries competitively invite applications for jobs. and more people prefer seeking jobs near their hometownsthirdly 2the principal peasant laborers are presently at the age between 18 and 35the vital statistics of population shows that the number of laborers at this age is cutting downin addition since 1999china has been enlarging the quota of college students year after year which delays some of them to labor markets. moreover the increasing graduates from colleges are not urgently needed in employment markets nowadaysall these reasons above are united to lead to the “shortage of peasant laborers” the highly labor-concentrated enterprises are now in dilemma between the external pressure from sa8000 and interior pressure from the shortage of laborershow do the enterprises deal with the situation all these suggest a key period adjust operation strategies and reshape the development mode. to surviveenterprises must adapt to the constant change of external environment. if the external environment has changed and the operation remains as it isthe former mode however successful will prevent it from developing or lead it to failurehow to adapt to the standards of social responsibility put forward by muc multinational company.then how to attract and retain necessary employees the only way left is improving working conditions. but the main issue for us to deal with is how to compensate the increasing cost which is used to improve working conditionsto possess a certain or even larger space to get profit to achieve thatan enterprise should at least adjust itself in the following three aspects 21 improving the internal value chain enhancing the internal management efficiency according to bauds theory about value chain the value activities of enterprises involve two typesthe basic and the assistantthe basic oneaccording to their sequence of arts and crafts is divided into five partsinternal logisticsprocess of productionexternal logisticsmarket saleand service. the assistant one supporting and ensuring the achievement of the basic includes four partsthe basic establishment of enterprisesthe management of labor resourceexploitation of technologyand stock. each of the nine activities can be further divided and combined each of them is the headspring to create value and each enhancement in efficiency of them can bring about profit enterprises can analyze their own various activities according to the value chain to find the way to improve. a worthy reference is the management mode of good baby groupwal-martone of chinese suppliersthe manufacturer of baby carrier. this company obtains the order and the profit through the value activities like improving its stock production delivery and so on four years ago in order to open the american market for one-off baby carrier wal-mart decided to sell a baby carrier at 9.99 in the market and predicted that the purchase would reach up to 1200000. the price of a carrier was cut down to 6.4 at last in order to gain the average profit as before. according to the cost of one “good baby” carrier at that timeit cost a bit more than 8which means that if they sell one at 6.4 dollars for one they will lose nearly 2. in order not to lose wal-marts other low-price markets in the world good baby group finally decided to sign the contract and followed it with an immediate search for a production mode to save the cost. since one-off baby carrier has not changed too much in design and color good baby group made more than 100 thousand carriers in time by purchasing materials in large batch and speeding up production. after thatit made constant improvement and speed up so much that it can make one within 15 seconds instead of several minutes in the past. meanwhilethe techniques of folding crafts has also been improved the number of carriers explores constantly the method to speed up 3the production and reduce the costthrough which the cost of one carrier was brought down from 8 to a little more than 5. at the same time wal-mart has been very successful in exploiting the market and they not only ordered 1200000 carriers at full price but also sent another order for more than 200000 carriers. just with this one single operation the good baby group has brought averagely its rate of profit up to more than ten percent 22 training employee the scientific value activities can bring the enterprise much profit and to improve the participants techniques is another approach to make profit. nowadaysthe technical workersespecially those highlevel ones fall short of demand everywhere all over the countrythe statistics of spot check on the technical workers in 40 cities by the labor and social security ministry shows the technicians and high technicians are only less than 4of the whole technical workersand the enterprises demand more than 14of them with a big gap betweenthe highly labor-concentrated enterprises generally attach great importance on use of laborers but not on their trainingthey even never train their employees at a11besidesrapid changing employees also cause the great shortage of fledged workers and highly skillful technical workers in enterprises chinese central government and local governments have taken measures to promote the training of technical intellectualsthe enterprises should also cultivate the consciousness of training and retaining talented employees. they can draw a long time plan of labor development establish the system for employees to take further education and trainingtake measures to implement the apprenticeship system and also take advantage of the high technical schools technical colleges and high vocational colleges as the bases for training employeesas long as an enterprise realizes the importance of training employeesit can discover a variety of training modes the improved work efficiency of employees can naturally offer possibilities to improve their working and living conditions and to raise their income 23 innovatingand enhancing the additional value of products to improve the value chain and train employees is a strategy to improve internal operation and also the way to achieve efficiency within a short period of timebut chinas export products have extremely low additional value. the essential reason is that these products are only simply processed with no brand or only used as parts for other brands. another reason is that our products have no core technology and the patent must be purchasedthereforethe divided work in the value chain is in the dry tree the ability to bargain is weak and the profit is extremely slenderin a larger sense innovation is the only way to raise its competitive position and get out of troubles innovation should be carried out from three aspects: technology products and brand. technology innovation refers to the process in which innovative technologies are applied in the enterprise. it is generally achieved through innovating arts and crafts to make a qualitative leap in the productivityproduct innovation involves five aspects such as time e.g. the deadline of delivery quality in narrow sense cost service and environmental protection and so on among whichquality has 8 dimensionsthe function of the principal attribute the assistant feature to support the basic functionreliability conformity life-spanserviceaesthetics and feeling qualityshaping the brand means to establish ones own brandand it is the long hardworking process but the important approach to achieve the initiative right in the markets and increase the 4additional value. 3 conclusions to survive and develop further enterprises must adjust its operation strategy: improving the interior value chain enhancing the internal management efficiencyand innovating to increase the additional value of their products 5中国外贸企业在国际贸易中的地位及走向中国外贸企业在国际贸易中的地位及走向中国外贸企业在国际贸易中的地位及走向中国外贸企业在国际贸易中的地位及走向 如今全国范围内通过sa8000认证的企业不上100家。其中广东省最严重。“核查跨国公司的工厂”意思是核查这样的供应商他们不执行sa8000或其他与之类似的社会用人标准的相关准则。 目前国内企业面临的最大的压力就是劳动密集型消费品的制造厂比如服装厂 玩具厂 体育用品厂鞋厂等等。同时这一趋势很快从整个消费品行业扩展到整个加工行业比如电子消费品加工业家具业食品业。很多跨国公司宣称他们会接受sa8000标准。他们鼓励供应商和合同签约厂也接受sa8000的验证。有的公司甚至规定合同签约厂通过sa8000标准的日程安排。 1 sa8000对中国企业的影响 劳动密集型企业的诸多就业问题降低了管理成本。如果企业依照sa8000或相关标准来改善就业形势企业的管理成本会立即增加产品在国际市场的竞争力也会减弱。具体而言导致运作成本增加的直接因素是具体落实sa8000中的工作环境工作日工作报酬而间接因素则是那些有利于员工的规定如劳动条件员工权利管理手段。除此之外sa8000的鉴定对很多中国企业而言是个沉重的负担。获得最终的验证整个过程需要一年证书的有效期仅3年并且每半年需复检每次复检要花费约人民币30到50万。 2企业管理策略调整 在探讨企业如何面对sa8000的挑战以求生存及更好的发展之前很有必要考虑另一个变量-国内劳动力市场的现状及趋势。 早在2004年初被称为“农村劳动力缺乏”之地的珠江三角洲就开始出现了劳动力短缺。如今问题反而变得更严重。2006年据广东省相关人士称仅广东省就有100万的岗位空缺。这一现象在其他诸如长江三角洲浙江省福建省等发达地区也存在这些地方近8成企业劳动力短缺。 造成这一结果的原因有很多。首先近年来中国最重视三农问题政府帮助农村地区快速发展的一项政策。随着惠农政策的执行农村收入不断提高农民不再愿意到城市工作。第二随着中国经济的持续繁荣越来越多的工厂建筑场地以及服务行业都在竞相抢聘劳动力。并且更多的人倾向于在家乡附近求职。第三目前主要的农民劳动力年纪在18到35岁。人口统计数字显示这一年龄群的劳动力数量正在逐年下降。另外自1999年以来中国对高校招生逐年扩招这延缓了高校毕业生加入劳动力市场。