Sustainable Transportation Brock University可持续交通布鲁克大学.ppt

group1:kaz,pike,daniellegroup2:jenna,shelly,gamgroup3:built,tar,kirsty,group4:looknam,pang,sharongroup5:choi,puii,angelagroup6:taylor,nical,sam,reflectiongroups!,reviewnickersonsguidepostsforsustainability(above).thinkaboutallaspectsoftransportationbyprivateautomobileincanadaandthailandbasedonnickersonscriteria,istransportationbyprivateautomobilesustainableineithercountry?whyorwhynot?providespecificexamples!,sustainabilityandtransportation,sustainabletransportationperformanceindicators,whatissustainabletransportation?,literaturedefinitionssomewhatimprecisedefinitionreviewedin2005:centreforsustainabletransportation.2005.definingsustainabletransportation.preparedbyalcormierandrichardgilbertfortransportcanada(doc.no.t8013-4-0203).march31,200522pp.availableonlineathttp:/cst.uwinnipeg.ca/completed.html#dst,whatissustainabletransportation?,seegilbertandmyrans,2003:sustainabletransportationperformanceindicators,asustainabletransportationsystemisonethat:,allowsthebasicaccessneedsofindividualstobemetsafelyandinamannerconsistentwithhumanandecosystemhealth,andwithequitywithinandbetweengenerations.,asustainabletransportationsystemisonethat:,isaffordable,operatesefficiently,offerschoiceoftransportmode,andsupportsavibranteconomy.,asustainabletransportationsystemisonethat:,limitsemissionsandwastewithintheplanetsabilitytoabsorbthem,minimizesconsumptionofnon-renewableresources,limitsconsumptionofrenewableresourcestothesustainableyieldlevel,reusesandrecyclesitscomponents,andminimizestheuseoflandandtheproductionofnoise.,indicators,whatareindicators?,indicatorsarenumbersthattellastoryaboutvariablesofsignificanceindicatorsusuallyhaveanexplicitorimplicittimecomponentmaybeintheformofanindex(i.e.,agroupofindicatorsaggregatedintoasinglevalue).everydayexamples:nationalunemploymentrate(numberofunemployedpersonsexpressedasapercentageofthelabourforceatagiventime)consumerpriceindex(statisticsnewzealand,statisticscanada),per-personmeasuresarenotoftenusedwhensustainabilityisaconsideration,becausetheenvironmentrespondstooverallratherthanrelativeimpacts.e.g.:thoughfuelefficiencyofindividualcarsorper-capitafuelconsumptionmaydecline(scaleoftheindividual),theoverallimpactsmaystillincreaseduetotheaggregateeffectsofmoredriversdrivingfurtherdistances(scaleofthecollective),indicators:aggregatevs.percapita,useofindicators,source:litman,todd.2009.sustainabletransportationindicators.,*vmt=vehiclemilestraveled,*,useofindicators,source:toddlitmananddavidburwell(2006),“issuesinsustainabletransportation,”internationaljournalofglobalenvironmentalissues,vol.6,no.4,pp.331-347;/sus_iss.pdf.,towardsconsistentindicators?,thereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinitionofsustainability,sustainabledevelopmentorsustainabletransport(litwin2009)therearecurrentlynostandardizedindicatorsetsforcomprehensiveandsustainabletransportplanning(litwin2009)mostrecentcomprehensiveattemptgilbertandmyrans(2003)-olddata,butstillthebestoverallexample,sustainabletransportationperformanceindicators,gilbertandmyrans2003,sustainabletransportationperformanceindicators,energyusefortransportgreenhousegasemissionsothertransportemissionsinjuriesandfatalitiesmovementofpeoplemovementoffreighttravelbycarsandplanes,personalvehiclemovementurbanlanduselengthofpavedroadshouseholdspendingrelativetransitcostsenergyintensityemissionsintensity,whatthestpicanbeusedfor,ameansoftrackingfromyeartoyearwhethertransportincanadaisbecomingmoresustainable(likethedefinition),ormovingaway.cantellusabouttheeffectsofgovernmentpolicies,bylookingathowspecificstpichangeafterthepoliciesareimplemented.canhelpshapenewpolicies,byshowingthekindsofchangethatthepoliciesshouldproduce.canalsoguidetheprivatesector,byshowingwhatisneededforsustainability.,1.energyusefortransport,almost100%ofenergyusedfortransportincanada(andthailand)isfromoilenergyusedfortransportincanadaincreasedby21.5%between1990and2000,from1,878to2,282petajoules(1015j).,2.greenhousegasemissions,asustainabletransportationsystem“limitsemissionswithintheplanetsabilitytoabsorbthem”,2.greenhousegasemissions,transportcontributesaboutathirdoftotalghgemissionsdirectly,andmuchmoreifitsshareofemissionsfromfuelproductioniscounted.whentheseemissionsdecline,thereisprogresstowardssustainabletransportation.,2.greenhousegasemissions,emissionsofghgsfromtransportincreasedby21.0%between1990and2000,from135.0to163.4megatonnesofco2equivalent.,3.othertransportemissions,indexoflocallyactingemissionsfromroadtransport:co,so2,nox,andvocsindexfellby9.1%between1990and2000,duetoimprovementsinvehicletechnology,4.injuriesandfatalities,injuriesandfatalitiesfromroadtransportcomprisealmost90%ofalltransportfatalitiesandalmost100%ofalltransportinjuriesindexfellthroughoutthe1990s,withatotaldeclineof21.8%,4.injuriesandfatalities,injuriesandfatalitiesfromroadtransportcomprisealmost90%ofalltransportfatalitiesandalmost100%ofalltransportinjuriesindexfellthroughoutthe1990s,withatotaldeclineof21.8%,trafficdeathrateper100,000inhabitantscanada:9.2thailand:19.6worstinworld:togo(48.4)bestinworld:sweden(2.9),4.injuriesandfatalities,4.injuriesandfatalities,motorvehicleaccidentdeathsper100,000populationperyearinthailand,4.injuriesandfatalities,contributingfactors:drunk-drivinglawsseat-beltlawssafetyfeaturesinvehicles(e.g.,airbagsandbetterbrakes)safetyfeaturesinhighwaydesign(e.g.,betteralignmentsandsignage)enforcementofspeedlimitsandsafe-drivingrequirements,5.movementofpeople,modesoftravelincanada(2000):74.3%-personalvehicle17.1%-air3.9%-urbantransit2.7%-schoolbus1.8%-inter-citybus0.3%-inter-cityrail,5.movementofpeople,mostmovementofcanadiansisinpersonalmotorizedvehiclesasthismovementincreases,theunsustainableeffectsoftransporttendtoincrease.,motorizedmovementincreased14.7%(19902000),from509to583billionperson-kilometres.,5.movementofpeople,maincontributingfactor:11.2%increaseincanadaspopulation(19902000).small(3.1%)overallincreaseintravelperpersondeclinenoticedinlate1990s,6.movementoffreight,freightmovementincanada(2000):43.9%byrail28.7%bywater27.4%byroadlessthan0.1%byair,6.movementoffreight,freightincreasedby37.1%(19902000),from541to741billiontonne-kilometrescontributingfactors:growthinroadfreightby94.3%(1990-2000)useofjust-in-timedeliverymethods,6.movementoffreight,movementoffreightusesenergy,causesgloballyandlocallyactingemissions.onbalance,reducingthemovementofgoodsrepresentprogresstowardssustainabletransportation.,7.travelbycarsandplanes,indexshows%ofalltravelbytwomostpollutingmotorizedmodes:aviationandpersonalvehicles.nocleartrendshareoftravelbyplaneandpersonalvehicleremained90%everyyear.,notenarrowrangeofpercentages!,8.personalvehiclemovement,personalvehiclesaccountfor82%ofvehiclesonroad(2000).measuredinvehiclekilometres(vkm)increasedby13.6%(1990-2000)from230to261billion.,8.personalvehiclemovement,averageoccupancyofpersonalvehiclesfellby4.8%,from1.74to1.66persons/vehicle.eachcardrivenanaverageof17,500km/yearincanada.mainchangein1990s:growthinsuvs,minivans,andpick-uptrucks:increasedfrom16.8%in1990to28.4%in2000.suvsuseabout35%morefuelperkmthanpassengercars(uscafefleetaveragedata,2005),9.urbanlanduse,asustainabletransportationsystemminimizestheuseofland.transportuseslanddirectly(roads,driveways,transportcorridors,parking)personaltransportallowslow-densitydevelopmentofurbanareas-urbansprawl.lowresidentialdensitiesmakeiteconomicallyimpossibletojustifypublictransit-thecycleofcardependencyincreases.,9.urbanlanduse,developedlandperurbanresidentincreasedby28.9%,(1971-1996),from971to1,251squaremetreshighestrateofgrowthoccurred1991-1996,10.lengthofpavedroads,impactsofnewroads:directlanduseenergyconsumption(construction,maintenance,use)addingnewroadsencouragesdriving,enhancessprawlandcardependency,andresultsininefficientuseofinfrastructure.,10.lengthofpavedroads,lengthofpavedroadsincreasedby23.6%(1985-1995),from243,800to301,300two-lane-kilometreequivalents.,11.householdtransportationspending,theshareofafter-taxhouseholdspendingontransportincreasedfrom16.1%to19.2%(19822000),averagehouseholdspending(2000):personalvehicles:$6,906($4,430fixedcosts,$2,476operatingcosts)urbantransit:$216othertransport(mostlyair):$454justover90minutesofeachdaysemploymentisdedicatedtopayingforpersonalvehicles-390hoursperyear,or48.75workdaysaveragecanadiancommutingtimeisjustover60minutesperday-260hoursperyear,or32.5workdays,11.householdtransportationspending,equitydimension:iftransportistoocheap,itcouldbeusedtoomuch(i.e.,unsustainably)iftransportistooexpensive,poorerpeoplemayhaveinadequateaccess,11.householdtransportationspending,12.relativetransitcosts,partofthereasonpeoplemayusetheircarsoncetheyownthemisthatthemarginaloperatingcostofdrivingislessthanthecostofurbantransit.indicatorexaminescostofurbantransitinrelationtothemainoperatingcostfuel-forapersonalvehicleyoualreadyown-adeclineintransitcostrelativetogasolinecostshouldindicateprogresstowardssustainability,12.relativetransitcosts,indicatorroseby23.2%(1990-2000),representingmovementawayfromsustainabletransportation.increasebetween1990and1998was49.1%,butitfellsteeplybetween1998and2000.,13.energyintensity:carsandtrucks,indicatorexaminesthetechnicalperformanceofroadvehicles,specificallyenergyusedperunitofdistancecovered.carsandtrucksaccountforalmost75%ofalltransportenergyuse-basisofthisindicator.,energyintensityvariesgreatlyamongpersonalvehicles:1l/100km(prototypecarinfront)vs.11l/100km(vanbehind).,13.energyintensity:carsandtrucks,energyintensityofcarsandtrucksincreasedby6.3%(movedawayfromsustainability)between1990and1995(withdipin1991),thendeclinedto5.4%above1990levelin2000.,maincontributingfactorwasgrowthofp