世界化石能源使用情况.ppt

FOSSILFUELS85%oftheworldscommercialenergy,COAL,OIL,NATURALGAS,20richestcountriesconsume:,50%ofcoal80%ofnaturalgas65%ofoil,U.S.energyconsumption,9%,COAL,Fossilized,condensedcarbon-richfuel,10Xreservesofoil/gas,last200yearsatpresentrate,Coalmines,Surface(strip)mine,WesternU.S.,Underground(shaft)mine,EasternU.S.,Coalcheaper,butpolluting,MuchEasternU.S.coalhashigh-sulfurcontent,moreexpensivetomineMuchWesternU.S.coalhaslow-sulfurcontent,cheapertomineButmininginsemi-aridWestmoredamagingtoland.,Heatvalueofcoaltypes,AnthraciteBituminousSubbituminousLignite,51%ofU.S.useincoal,Energylostfromcoal,10%lostontransmissionlines(strayvoltage),65%lostinpowerplants,Effectsonhealth,BlackLungDisease(miners)Respiratoryillnesses(public),Effectsonland,CoalsludgereleasesHardpanatstripminesMountaintopremovalHugewateruseSlurrypipelines,Effectsonair,Greenhousegases3/4sulfurdioxide1/3nitrogenoxides1/2carbondioxideToxicsMercuryUranium,Acidrain,Acidityofrain,pHof6.0Killsinsects,crabspH5.0Killsfish,trees,SourcesofNitrogenOxides,NitrogenoxidesandsulfurdioxidecreateacidrainTallstacksdepositfarther,Coalscrubbers,Thefuture?Hydrogenfuelcells,NATURALGAS,Methane,otherGasesinbedrock,Advantagesofnaturalgas,CleanertoburnHalfasmuchCO2ascoalMoreefficient10%energylost60-yearsupplyatcurrentrates,Disadvantagesofnaturalgas,DifficulttotransportPipelinesLiquifiedNaturalGas(LNG)tankersCanbepolluting,dangerouswhenextractedMethanebeddrillingpollutes,OIL(PETROLEUM),Buriedorganicmatterrichinhydrocarbons,OilConsumptionbySector(1998),Provenoilreserves,465billionbarrelsconsumed1trillionbarrelsleft22billionconsumedayear45yearstogo!Partynow!,1800,2200,2600,GlobalOilProductionforResourcesof1800,2200,and2600BillionBarrels,DistributionofEstimatesofUltimatelyRecoverableWorldCrudeOil(1975-1993),WorldCrudeOilProduction,WorldCrudeOilPrices(economiccrisesinoilstates),Globaltrendsinoil,GrowinguseinChina(+10%/year)Japan,EuropedependonMideastNewreservesaroundCaspianSeaNearlysizeofSaudiArabiaIncreasingsourceofmajorwars,humanrightsabuses,Kuwaitoilwellfires,1991,PersianGulfandCaspianSea,Oil&naturalgaspipelines,U.S.trendsinoil,Diversesources(notMideast)Venezuela,Nigeria,etc.OpeningdomesticsourcesAlaskacontroversyPollutingtechnologies?OilshaleextractionSyntheticfuels(coal-to-oil),ExxonValdez,Alaska1989,Attemptstocontainspill,Clean-upefforts,PrinceWilliamSoundfishingindustrydamaged,OilinEcuador,Ecuador2ndlargestS.Americaproducer70%ofexportsDrillinginAmazonrainforest,Oppositiontooilcompanies,Constructionofroads,pipelinesonIndianlandsDisplacementofIndians,deforestationOilleaksintoriverslargerthanValdezspill,EcuadorIndianoccupations,Texacowithdrew1992,Arcometdemands,LawsuitagainstTexacoinU.S.courts,1999,OilinNigeria,LargestproducerinAfrica,mainlyInNigerDelta,Nigeriahadmilitarygovernmentsin1990s,EnvironmentalproblemsinNigerDeltaregion,HomelandofOgoni,Ijawgroups,Gasflaringhazards,Oilspillsinmangroveswamp,Ogonienvironmentalprotests,Oilcompaniescolludewithmilitary,ManyOgonikilledbymilitary,OgonileaderDr.KenSaro-Wiwaexecutedin1995,ShellOilpays,transportssoldiers,Nigerianwomenprotest,2002,Protestagainstpollution,lack