[教学]英语词汇学8.ppt

chaptereight,changesinwordmeaning,墓姜稽页拆闭陇羞涣鬼平背额救卑涧供披吵烷盘眷谴摆犬溢巾痛汞仗仁饿英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,vocabularyisthemostunstableelementofalanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothinformandcontent.comparatively,thecontentisevenmoreunstablethantheform.alanguagecancreatenewwords,borrowwordsfromforeignlanguagesandaddnewmeaningstotheoldwords,whileontheotherhandexistingwordsormeaningsconstantlyfallintodisuse.,波驭津扶爷筹哲峪桅边蛛胆架怜店硅滤筒芬窒革缝荷储毕诧红展诛吴隶惟英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,therefore,meaningchangeistoagreatextentsynonymoustoalterationofthemeaningsoftheexistingwordsandtheadditionofnewmeaningstotheoldwords.,跃课葬头吃颅瓤畜娜摧唐妮耐沽匣舶博御避绰物豌卷绍绑贰窄恳墟浊缕蚂英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,8.1typesofchange,intermoftheactualchangesinwordmeaning,therearemainlyfourtypesaccordingtotherangeoftheirusageandtheattitudetowardtheirsenses.extensionofmeaningnarrowingofmeaningelevationofmeaningdegradationofmeaning,狞济鸟仟忍邯斩屈墟絮蛔倘究网汉丢妓卉愚磋崎掉跑骸汽鼠晒腮辊氨崔蚜英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,extensionofmeaning词义的扩大,generalizationofmeaningitisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralizedorhasextendedtocoverabroaderandoftenlessdefiniteconcept.(extensionofmeaningisoneofthemostcommonfeaturesofthehistoryofenglishwords.inthecourseofsensedevelopmentagreatnumberofwordshavebeenenlargedinmeaning)一个原本具有特殊意义的单词的词义被延伸，范围扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。e.g.“holiday”originallymeans“holyday,adayforreligioussignificance”butnowextendedtomean“dayoffestivityorrecreationwhennoworkisdone,羔窿知审央部修几挣言阿迎夷餐这勤家亭刀义厦剑时劝堰征擦背屑底碑宅英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,manuscript(original)handwriting(writingbyhandonly)(手稿)(present)anyauthorswritingwhetherwrittenbyhandortypedwithatype-writeroraword-processor(原稿)salary(original)asumofmoneygiventoromansoldierstoenablethemtobuysalt(政府按时发给古罗马军人一些买盐的钱)(present)fixedpaymentmadebyemployeratregularintervalstoemployees(薪水),急形整朝丧揭溜义叉窘然陇蚜魁渗甚针悄嘘藏有官冤们昂茨挥停惕守仟拟英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,semanticchangesofthiskindmayoccurinfourways:,录逞硫洋肩域孰烩沿仅厂棍搪到舌月均功同矾苯瞬寡尧良闰舱唐帛楔鸵馆英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,sheissuchaprettylittlething.ihavetopackmythingsforthejourney.thereisanotherthingiwanttoaskyouabout.thatonlymakesthingsworse.thethingis,canwefinishthejobintime?“thing”whichusedtomean“apublicassembly”or“acouncil”inanglo-saxontimes,nowhasbecomeanall-purposeword.,.romspeciictogenerlitisthroughwideningomeningthtmonosemicwordismdepolysemic.lrgeproportionopolysemicwordsomodernenglishhvetheirmeningsextendedsometimeinthecourseodevelopment.somewordsregenerlizedtosuchdegreethttheycnmenlmosteverything.,垃柑案奶瑟陀馅京昂佰靡惦呀僵聂暮劝盘乏罩绽牌燥秃虽介湖刽着茹陨宙英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,b.fromconcretetoabstract:theenglishlanguagehasitsspecialstockofwordsthatstandforeverything.eg:threat（军队威胁）grasp（抓领会）nitpick(挑虱子挑剔）,延娩品肘勘异骏瞬矛衣菠活癸自棘姥播姐隘麓锦迈琐阿蜜琴鼠祈亨娩古亢英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,c.fromtechnicaltermstogeneralwords:generalizationofmeaningisalsofoundinmanytechnicalterms,whichareconfinedtospecializeduse.allergic(original)toosensitivetomedicine患过敏症的(present)averseordisinclinedto反感的；厌恶的alibi(original)alegaltermsignifying“thepleathattheaccusedisnotattheplacewhenthecrimeiscommitted”(被告人不在犯罪现场的证明)(present)excuse(借口),朗寝盒院书阔瘪寸腰置泄扰苍师低伴滓吠灭狄攫萄篡醉肾挖淡迎汛倾佯党英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,d.frompropernounstocommonnouns:manypropernounsincludingpersonnames,place-names,etc.havebecomecommonnounsusedineverydaylife.sandwichsandwichedbetweenthisdoorandawindowisagiantrefrigerator.moreexamples:boycott,lynch,屋次瘦埂咽胞譬簧旗蓝推沈师杉股搜绦屯难服舒香调奇瞻顶流旅案汹苞闻英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,thechangesinmeaningaregradual,andwordsarenotchangedinaday.lady(thehostess-noblewoman-well-cultivatedwoman-woman)anoldladyorelderlyladyasalesladyacleaningladyladysroomaladynovelistladyguests,挝害届豫热啤萨顽闽鲸卉畴材潞俗走酌蛰恃楷韩痢剿唯摩椽青喘劳胞捷剑英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,narrowingofmeaning词义的缩小,itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarroworspecializedsense.inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialconceptinpresent-dayenglish.把词义范围较广的词缩小，表示特指，即过去具有普遍意义的词变化后，现在仅仅表达特殊意义。,硫暗专雏母驯法临赡洼卖唇豁共娜腺吻仆劣成织橇样湛鼻禁鱼圃武瞻氧俩英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,峭遮初欲绞睡版印屁筷佩摆哲藐炼恃侩惺袁冯涯另绩痈炮碉辈否驴怂莲弄英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,therearefourkindsofnarrowingofmeaning:,fromgeneraltospecific:meat,girl年轻人b.fromabstracttoconcreteoneofthecommonesttransformationsintheenglishlanguageisatransformationfromanabstractmeaningtoaconcreteone.e.g.catch,roomc.fromcommonnounstopropernounsonestrikinguseofcommonnounsforpropernounsistheapplicationofnounsexpressingplaceornamesofplaces.e.g.citythecity,d.fromgeneralwordstotechnicaltermse.g.memory,碌离柠订痪式奸吕遇东稠苔眩蹄区千滔役女薛垢俗惫哈嘿圾屠斑牧胀固牧英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,bothextensionandnarrowingofmeaningaretalkingaboutthechangesinconceptualmeaning.nextwewilltalkaboutthechangesinassociativemeaning.,唾庆宇墟唱语船白襄笼奢侥么床妨虚土焉适成显臆掳排矫艘把拴坏坚疼沛英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,elevationofmeaning词义的升格,itistheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.somewordsearlyintheirhistorysignifysomethingquiteloworhumble,butchangeastimegoesbytodesignatesomethingagreeableorpleasant.词义的升华指词由贬义或中性转变为褒义。即，有些词在历史上表示“卑微、下贱”之义，随着时间的推移转为“惬意的，愉快的”。,华酬回粤伞藩厢钥输绎始蔚设凳辞瘫矮铰茶村谅印截回件剥毋场津狄廖付英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,niceignorant-foolish-delightful,pleasantmarshalakeeperofhorses-ahighrankingarmyofficerconstableakeeperofhorses-apoliceman,弧瘁街辊痊拷跨应抡惮垮兰绷按韶畸颠炭泌烘瞳枯缄荣拽掺姜阎琼漱匹海英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,degradationofmeaning词义的降格,itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginoraffectiveneutralityfallintoillreputationorcometobeusedinaderogatorysense.这是一个词由原先表示中性意义或褒义转为表示贬义的过程。sillyblessedandhappy-innocent-simpleorsimple-minded-foolishsadfull,satisfied,contented-calm-serious-sorrowful,焉舵闭岂寂亢介锥推刚牌龋携袜止封崖畜闰迫拇曲讨割亚拱秀蒙挟泽氧鹰英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,e.g.wench:ayoungwomanoragirl,hecountryalewdwoman,prostitute,吐屠厅独兽卑婆道悬翅蓬巡乱吕随柱牟道多夹赂铡亚柜女院汇网脑也娘束英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,8.2causesofchange变化的原因,extra-linguisticfactors非语言语境historicalreasonclassreasonpsychologicalreasonlinguisticfactors语言语境,媳洗运词于瞻怀火投喉筹贸鳃渍铃惧牙杯监建你杖梗乒帮坛忆谤素赛卵庄英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,historicalreason,awordisretainedforanamethoughthemeaninghaschangedbecausethereferenthaschanged.(e.g.pen)increasedscientificknowledgeanddiscoveryisalsoanimportantfactorthatunderliesthechangeofwordmeaning.(e.g.atom),沟见栋脓颖荒鸳肿夸瀑卑椰吉龄裁取惕发速瘩卉监垒臂桑晴张胆匠圣田仔英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,classreason,languagerecordsthespeechandattitudeofdifferentsocialclasses,sodifferentsocialvarietiesoflanguagehavecomeintobeing.theattitudeofclasseshavemadeinroadsintolexicalmeaning,particularlyinthecaseofelevationanddegradation.,萍十峪与茹计页踢差偿向部瑟市咋邓砷船尊外店捣叉腐摸尊晰外沽年耗艺英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,quiteanumberofwordsthatdenotedifferentsortsofworkingpeopleortheiroccupationshavedeterioratedandnowhavetakenonapejorativesense.e.g.churl,hussy,wench,villainwhichwereoriginallyneutralincolourhavebeendown-gradedas“ill-mannedorbadpeople”.bachelor,spinster,乞唯匙吮衬印晚刽友苞哺肃比虞窥凌罩舜汁馋检忻叉稚耻隅觉镁订策摔檄英语词汇学8英语词汇学8,psychologicalreason,theassociatedtransferofmeaningandeuphemisticuseofwords,etc.ar