《pragmatics语用学》PPT课件.ppt

Pragmatics,HeatedAttendantParking,A.Youtakeanattendant,youheathim/herup,andthisiswhereyoucanparkhim/her.B.Wecanparkacarinthisplace,itsaheatedarea,andtherewillbeanattendanttolookafterthecar.,MoreIntroductoryExamples,Ex.1Ihaveapapertotypewrite.Canyoutypethispaperforme?Imbusynow.Canyoulendyourtypewritertome?Ex.2AbullmarketinDianas(U.S.NewsandWorldReport,Jan.12,1998124/1)Abullmarketisamarketinwhichsharepricesarerising.,Ex.3,季交恕：你知道这个消息吗？方维夏：什么消息？季交恕：蒋介石开刀了？方维夏：什么病开刀？季交恕：你还睡觉！杀人！李六如六十年的变迁,Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.,Pragmaticsisdifferentfromtraditionalsemanticsinthatitstudiesmeaningnotinisolationbutincontext.,Semanticiststakemeaningtobeaninherentpropertyoflanguage;pragmaticistsregardmeaningassomethingthatisrealizedinthecourseofcommunication.,Semantics:whatdoesXmean?Pragmatics:whatdoesthespeakermeanbyX?,PragmaticAnalysis,你怎么还没走？Thinkwhatthespeakermaymeanbysayingit?,A.说话人知道听话人要在某个时间外出开会（或办事、或送人上火车、或赴宴等），眼看已经快误点了，说话人对听话人说：“你怎么还没走”？意义：提醒、催促，或是对听话人不守时间的批评。若考虑双方的关系：上下级关系、师生关系、父母子女之间，恋人之间等，则可理解的意思还多些。B.一个人老想着出国，老对别人说要办好手续了，但老也没见他出国。有人就说：“你怎么还没走”？意义：关心、调侃或嘲讽。,C.下班时间早过了，某人还在办公室忙乎，值班人员过来锁门，说：“你怎么还没走”？意思：爱护、生气或某种猜测D.一个普通老百姓来到某个部门办事，被某个态度不好的工作人员拒之门外。过了半天，那工作人员看见老百姓还在门口，于是说：“你怎么还不走”？意思：可以比较肯定地认为，这是一种不太友好的态度，是让对方赶快走开的意思。,SentenceMeaningUtteranceMeaning,Itistheabstractcontext-independententitycalledsemanticproposition.,Itiscontext-dependent.Itistheproductofsentencemeaningandcontext.Therefore,itisricherthanthemeaningofthesentence.,刘勰文心雕龙章句“人之而言，因字而生句，积句而成章，积章而成篇。篇之彪炳，章之无疵也；章之明靡，句无玷也；句之精英，字无妄也。”上下文、话语理解、话语表达,Contextplaysacrucialroleininterpretingthemeaningofanutterance.,Context,Linguisticcontext,Context,Theknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,Situationalcontext,Amazingly,healreadylovesher.,Somethingmaleandanimatehasarrivedatastateofadorationofsomethingfemaleandanimate.,JohnmetMaryyesterday.Amazingly,healreadylovesher.,Linguisticcontext:discourse,Thediscoursethatprecedesandfollowsthephraseorsentencetobeinterpreted,Theknowledgeofthelanguage,1.Johnsawtheboywiththetelescope.Danalsosawhim.,Apronounreplacesthepreceedingnounphrase.,2.EmilyhuggedCassidyandZacharydidtoo.,Pro-verb,3.Iamsick,whichdepressesme.,Pro-sentence,4.A:Myauntwashedthedishes.B:Myuncledried.,Ellipsis,5.JillwashedthegrapesandBillthecherries.,Yourex-husbandisdancingwithsomeone,butIdontknowwho.,Mycatatesomething,andIwishIknewwhat.,Shesaidshewascomingover,butshedidnotsaywhen.,Sluicing,A:Isawaboyandagirlholdinghandsandkissing.B:Oh,itsoundslovely.A:Yes,theboywasquitetallandhandsome,andheseemedtolikethegirlalot.,Therearesuchrulesofdiscoursethataviolationproducesunacceptableresults.,A:Yes,aboywasquitetallandhandsome,andheseemedtolikeagirlalot.,e.g.Itseemsthatthemanlovesthewoman.Manypeoplethinkhelovesher.,Itseemsthatthemanlovesthewoman.Manypeoplethinkhelovesher!,Situationalcontext,Theknowledgeabouttheworld,IwavedtoFrankie,whodthrownthebowlineonboard,andIheadedheroutoftheslipanddroppeddownthechannelwithher.ABritishfreighterwasgoingoutandIranalongbesideherandpassedher.Shewasloadeddeepwithsugarandherplateswererusty.AlimeyinanoldbluesweaterlookeddownatmefromhersternasIwentbyher.(Hemingway,Tohaveandhavenot),AndthatafternoonSuecametothebedwhereJohnsylayandputonearmaroundher.“Ihavesomethingtotellyou,whitemouse,”shesaid.“Mr.Behrmandiedofpneumoniatodayinthehospital.Hewasillonlytwodays.”(O.Henry,TheLastLeaf),ayounghealthychildwellnursedisatayearoldamostdelicious,nourishing,andwholesomefood,whetherstewed,roasted,baked,orboiled;andImakenodoubtthatitwillequallyserveinafricasseeoraragout.Thosewhoaremorethrifty(asImustconfessthetimesrequire)mayflaythecarcass;theskinofwhichartificiallydressedwillmakeadmirableglovesforladies,andsummerbootsforfinegentlemen.(JonathanSwift,AModestProposal),ThenobleBrutus,HathtoldyouCaesarwasambitious:Ifitwereso,itwasagrievousfault,AndgrievouslyhathCaesaransweredit.Here,underleaveofBrutusandtherest,-ForBrutusisanhonourableman;Soaretheyall,allhonourablemen,-ComeItospeakinCaesarsfuneral.Hewasmyfriend,faithfulandjusttome:ButBrutussayshewasambitious;AndBrutusisanhonourableman.HehathbroughtmanycaptivehomestoRome,Whoseransomsdidthegeneralcoffersfill:DidthisinCaesarseemambitious?Whenthatthepoorhavecried,Caesarhathwept:Ambitionshouldbemakeofsternerstuff:YetBrutussayshewasambitious;,Shakespeare,JuliusCaesar,AndBrutusisanhonourableman.YoualldidseethatontheLupercalIthricepresentedhimakinglycrown,Whichhedidthricerefuse.Wasthisambitious?YetBrutussayshewasambitious;And,sure,heisanhonourableman.IspeaknottodisprovewhatBrutusspoke,ButhereIamtospeakwhatIdoknow.Youalldidlovehimonce,notwithoutcause:Whatcausewithholdsyouthentomournforhim?Ojudgment,thouartfledtoobrutishbeasts,Andmenhavelosttheirreason!Bearwithme;MyheartisinthecoffinherewithCaesar,AndImustpausetillitcomebacktome.,Whetherawordispejorativeornotdependsonthecontext.,Howisthehumoristiceffectcreatedinthefollowing?,SpeechActTheory,SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnAustininthelate50s.Accordingtothistheory,weareperformingvariouskindsofactswhenwearespeaking.,Background:,Essence:Youcanuselanguagetodothings.,Beforethespeechacttheory:Thebusinessofastatementiseithertodescribeortostate.Itmustbeeithertrueorfalse.,IbetyoutendollarsthattheYankeeswin.Ichallengeyoutoamatch.Idareyoutostepoverthisline.Ifineyou$100forpossessionoforegano.,Austinsdiscovery:,Imovethatweadjourn.InominateBatmanformayorofGothamCity.Ipromisetoimprove.Iresign!Ipronounceyouhusbandandwife.,（1）我感谢你为我提供了一个就业的机会。（2）我劝你不要辞职。（3）我宣判你服10年苦役。（4）我保证明年聘你为教授。,Austinmadetheprimarydistinctionbetweentwotypesofutterances:constativeandperformative.,Constativevs.Performative,Theconstativeutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse.,Theperformativeutteranceisusedtoperformanaction,soithasnotruthvalue.,“Ido.”“Ipronounceyouhusbandandwife.”asutteredinthecourseofamarriageceremony.,Examples:,“InamethisshipElizabeth.”asutteredwhensmashingthebottleagainstthestern.,“Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.”asoccurringinawill.,“Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.”asutteredwhenmakingabet.,“Iwarnyouthatthereisasleepdoginthecloset.”,Instructor:(Walkingintotheclassroomandseeingtheblackboardscribbledallover.)Imgoingtomakealotofuseoftheboard.Students:(Silent)Instructor:Cananyonehelpmecleantheboard?,（学校大会上）领导：学校今年亏损两千万。,（学生大会）班主任：今年我又被扣奖金了。,Whilemakinganutterance,aspeakerisperformingthreeactssimultaneously:alocutionaryact：以言述事的述事行为anillocutionaryact：以言行事的行事行为aperlocutionatryact：以言成事的成事行为,“Speakingalanguageisperformingspeechacts.”Searle1969,Alocutionaryactistheactofsayingsomething;itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.,述事行为就是说出所要说的话。,Anillocutionaryactistheactperformedinsayingsomething;itsforceisidenticalwiththespeakersintention.,InsayingXIwasdoingY.,e.g.“Illreturntomorrow.”“爱你一万年。”,行事行为是说话人要用他说的话干什么事。,Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.,BysayingXIdidY.,e.g.我明天来。许诺听者放心,Think：Canyouclosethedoor?吃了没有？抽烟有害健康。能帮我把行李放上去吗？,Tosumup,thethreespeechactsconstituteanorganicwhole.,Searlespecifiedfivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts:1)representative断定2)directive指令3)commissive承诺4)expressive表情5)declaration宣告,Theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomethingsbeingthecase,tothetruthoftheexpressedproposition.,Iguessthathehascome.Ithinkthatthefilmismoving.Iamcertainthathehascome.,e.g.,Directivesareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.,Openthedoor!Dontyouthinkitsabitstuffyhere?,Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.Whenspeaking,thespeakerputshimselfunderobligation.,e.g.“Illbringyouthisbook.”,Ipromisetoloveyou!,Theillocutionarypointofexpressivesistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedinthepropositionalcontentsuchasapologizing,thanking,congratulating,welcomingetc.,ImsorryforthemessIhavemade.Itsverykindofyoutohavethoughtofme.,e.g.,Thepointofthedeclarationistobringaboutthecorrespondencebetweenthepropositionalcontentandreality.e.g.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iappointyouchairmanofthecommittee.,Ifireyou!,Whatisimplied?,a.山姆经常吸烟。（断言）b.山姆经常吸烟吗？（提问）c.山姆，你要经常吸烟。（命令、建议）d.愿山姆经常吸烟。（祝愿）e.Hello!f.MyGod!,Propositionalcontent/illocutionaryforce,PrincipleofConversationTheco-operativeprinciple,Inmakingconversation,Griceholdsthatthereisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.,Themaximofquantity1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.,Themaximofquality1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.,ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.,Themaximofmanner1.Avoidobscurityofexpression.2.Avoidambiguity.3.Bebrief.4.Beorderly.,InstancesofCP,我不是说这个，我是说，您有必要这么上班下班地干么？唉，净说孩子话。你算算吧，妈妈的工资奖金补贴加上你爸爸的抚恤金一月才二百来块钱。可您老这么干下去，身体怎么受得了，您垮了，我怎么办？放心吧，蓓蓓，妈垮不了。刘立英微笑着，“我女儿还没成人呢，我怎么能垮？”苏蓓脸低得恨不得要埋进饭碗，片刻，站起身。我去厕所。苏蓓低头快步走进厕所，关上门，背倚门上，忍了半天的眼泪“刷”地流了下来。王海鸽、王朔爱你没商量,我（吴士宏）被指定加考RPG，是比较新的计算机语言，准备了两个星期，觉得能考及格。考完后像盼亲人似的盼着助理来报分，终于姗姗地来了，见了我两手摊开说“真为你遗憾”，皱着眉头满脸都是遗憾。大约是见我面无人色，她赶快又笑着解释“我的意思是你没有考到100分只考了89分”，天啦，她幽的这一默可是能要人命的。,季交恕：你知道这个消息吗？方维夏：什么消息？季交恕