学困生的形成原因及其教育措施.docx

administration of justice into the big picture. Economic and social development without a stable social environment. To this end, we will further play to functional advantages, innovation and excellence, find the right entry point, the initiative into the overall work of the district, the District Government, the District Government plans to carry out all aspects of the administration of Justice, for the steady and rapid economic development in the autonomous region to create good atmosphere for the rule of law. One is to continue to increase 65 law popularization work intensity. Fully 65 Franco-German final examination. Supervision, assistance, evaluation, all localities and departments to seriously control the province, acceptance criteria, look for deficiencies and weaknesses, added to the examination at all levels do not lose more points. Organization 65 final acceptance of the Franco-Prussian mobilization and key departments to check special deployment Conference, concentrate manpower and material resources, in accordance with the sequence requires high quality, high standards to promote 65 Franco-German final working, XX striving for 65 Franco-German national advanced city to lay a solid foundation. Actively promoting law enforcement legal accountability. The second half of the set issued the legal publicity and education work leading group of member functions. Perfecting the system of rule of law advocacy group, adjusting the legal publicity and education leading group members, preaching full legal team, Vice President of legal force, fully equipped with strong legal liaison officers and legal publicity, growing community of legal popularization work teams. Second is to continue improving the depth of peoples mediation work. Peoples mediation work in front of the gate, Center of gravity down and early entry, catching small catch, catch the signs early. Focus on source control. Thoroughly implement the district to promote the rule of law The latest requirements, advocates using the thought of rule by law and the rule of law to prevent and resolve social conflicts and disputes, constantly innovating the mechanism of contradictions and disputes resolved, and constantly enhance the level of disputes mediation law. To further strengthen the construction of industry, professional organization of peoples mediation, and coordinated organization of peoples mediation, professional mediation agencies at all levels, and constantly improve the contradictions multiple joint integrated mediation mechanism, deepening disputes grid troubleshooting warning system. I further mediation information platform, the role of mediation video command system, increase the intensity of school mediation network operation and management, innovative carrier, to create highlights. Strengthening the construction of standardization Commission. Continuation of the town and village peoples Mediation Committee standardization activities, ensuring level normalization Commission to be completed during the year was 100%. Fully equipped with strong professional mediators, implemented a full-time mediator annual performance assessment, promote the Organization of peoples mediation at all levels involved in social difficulties, resolve conflict hot spots, practical, pragmatic, down-to-earth nature of mediation to accelerate the realization of larger mediation organization specialization, standardization, social development. Introduction of mediation evaluation approach, exploring the implementation of mediation agreement Appendix provisions of学困生的形成原因及其教育措施一、 找准成因是转化的基础学困生是指智力与感官正常，但学科学习效果低下，达不到国家规定的学科课程标准要求的学生。通过观察、询问、调查、发现产生困难的原因各不相同，其成因是极其复杂和多方面的，但从教育教学角度将其形成分为内部原因和外部原因。（一）内部原因1.学习目的不明确，缺乏上进心。大多学科困生自控能力差，上课不愿听讲，甚至违反纪律，不能坚持学习，作业照抄，平时贪玩，经不起诱惑，不能形成良好的学习习惯。2.自卑心理严重，缺乏自信心。考试屡考屡败，长期处于班级的“底层”，内心深处一般都很自卑，缺乏学习信心，心理上敏感、脆弱、易形成挫折感，导致对学好学科缺乏自信心。3.学习方法策略运用不当。学困生往往是课上听课，课后完成作业了事，没有形成课前预习、课后复习的习惯。遇到探索性问题时，经常不知所措，分析综合的能力较差。4.依赖心理强。上课依赖老师，作业依赖同学，把学科学习的希望寄托在老师和同学的身上。（二）外部原因1.小学阶段的基础差。由于普及九年制义务教育，从小学毕业直接到初中学习，其中包含一定数量的成绩不合格者，未处理好小学与初中的知识衔接，导致新旧知识的断链。2.教材的原因。初中学科教材内容增多，知识难度增大，学生学习负担加重，再加上学科增多，整天应付作业，没有时间消化，从而影响学科课的学习。3.社会和家庭的原因。社会和家庭对学生的影响有积极的，也有消极的。由于游戏厅、网吧、大量的不良影视作品等对学生的不良影响，吞噬学生纯净的心灵，造成学生厌学、弃学等。4.突发事件的影响。如父母离异、生病、去世等突发事件，致使学生学习中断及心灵可能遭受重创，使学生出现心理偏差，造成学生的突然学习困难，若不及时从思想上解决，会导致这部分学生丧失学习信心，学习成绩一落千丈。二、了解学困生心理是转化的前提学困生的几种心理：1、自卑型：性格内向，缺乏自信，没有目标，没有理想，怕出错误受人耻笑，不敢问问题，缺少与老师的情感交流；或者思想包袱重，很想学习好，偷偷努力，成绩就是上不去，有压抑感，所以很自卑。2、基础型：原来基础比别人差，上课听不懂；或身体差，缺课多，因而掉队了。这类学生想赶上去又怕吃苦，往往原地踏步甚至下滑。3、缓慢型：能学会，就是接受速度慢。来不及消化巩固，新的一课又来了，夹生的勉强跟着学下去，以至恶性循环。4、厌学型：在学习中遇到困难，缺乏毅力，怕吃苦，自动放弃。5、对立型：由于受到家长或老师的批评，对家长或教师不满，产生逆反心理而赌气不学，逐渐掉队。6、随意型：平时学习不努力，无所谓，家长也管不了，听之任之。7、牵连型：有些人本来学得还可以，但由于班级普遍差，周围环境不好，只求随大流，结果走下坡路。8、被动性：不抓不学，抓紧就学好，抓一抓才学一学，不自觉。9、骄娇型：这类学生从小生活在优越的环境中，养成了高傲自私和心胸狭隘的性格。怕苦怕累，盲目骄傲，比上不足比下有余，逐渐退步，虽多次失败，并不感到难为情，家长宠溺，反而责怪教师教不好。三、减少学困生的教学对策1、教育对策帮助学困生克服心理障碍（1）学困生的心理障碍往往与他们情感及意志薄弱有密切关系。所以在教育过程中，教师应树立人本主义的学生观与教育观，尊重学困生的情感与尊严，挖掘非智力因素，用期望的春风融化覆盖在他们心灵中的冻土，从而帮助他们克服自卑心理和戒备心理。（2）对学生的逆反心理，我们应注意借助师生双方的心理交往，建立良好的人际关系，运用疏泄的方法，深入了解前因后果，主动接近他们，通过谈心疏通思想，才有可能解开他们思想疙瘩，澄清是非，并通过做好班级学生、家长工作，形成团结、友爱、互助的学习生活环境，减轻学困生的逆反心理压力。（3）对于厌学的心理，我们可以通过调查，了解产生厌学的原因，并有针对性地开展愉快教育、成功教育，让学生获得一定的学习成功感，变厌学为乐学，促进学困生自我意识的发展。对学困生的教育要因人而异，教师首先以真诚的爱心去爱护学生，使师生之间产生心灵的共鸣、达成心灵的沟通。同他们谈心，介绍学习方法，帮助他们解决实际困难，表扬他们的进步，鼓励他们前进。古人说：亲其师，才能信其道。教师对学生亲如家人，易于消除学生的胆怯的心理障碍；（4）建立学困生个案。2、教学对策（1）教给学生学习的方法与窍门，树立学好的“心理优势”，如教给学生循环记忆法，演练技能等，使他们首先树立起信心。（2）要使学生不断看到成绩，看到进步，不断强化“心理优势”。学生看到自己的进步，看到成绩在上升，因而逐步就有了信心，就有了学习积极性。有了积极性，就肯学习。肯学习，成绩必然会提高。成绩进步了，心理优势就得到加强，形成良性循环。（3）实施分层教学，开展小组合作学习。为了便于向学习困难者施教，可根据班上学困生所占的比例来实施分层教学。（4）建立新的评价体系，对学困生进行鼓励性评价，正如德国教育家第斯多惠指出的：“教育的艺术不在于传授本领，而在于激励，唤醒和鼓舞。”避免用一把尺子衡量，只从分数高低对所有学生进行分等。对学困生，应按他们的实际，进行激励性评价，使评价有利于他们的发展进步，有利于发展学困生的某些长处。（5）抓好学困生的课外个别辅导。课外辅导是教学中一个不可缺少的重要组成部分，尤其是对于学困生的课外辅导，可以弥补课堂教学的不足，解决他们在堂上存在的困难。常用的辅导方法有 目的辅导，认识到学习的重要性，从而产生强烈愿望，推动他们积极学习，为下一步的辅导打好基础； 学法辅导，学困生碰到困难就会怨恨自己“笨”，从而产生心理障碍；所以要向他们介绍科学的学习方法和记忆法，让他们亲自实验与总结，还可召开学习方法讨论会，使学生互相交流，让学困生从同学处得到学习方法指导；书面辅导，书面作业与试卷，最能反映出学生的学习水平。对于学困生，当面指出他们的错误并要求其订正，最好再出一些补充题让他们练习巩固，增强信心；及时跟踪检查。综上所述，学困生有不同的心理发展水平，不同的知识基础及不同的学习态度、个性特点，要转化他们是一项复杂而艰巨的任务。但只要各位同仁积极探索，不断积累经验，针对不同类型的学困生实施不同的教育教学对策，并多给后进生一份关爱，充分发挥他们的主观能动性，最终将使学困生昂首跨入先进行列之中。要想完全消除学困生是不可能的，但认真地分析不同学困生的形成原因，采取有效措施，因材施教，最大限度地缩短差距，做到成功地转化和预防是完全可能的。1.激发学困生的学习兴趣。让学习成为一种兴趣。兴趣不是天生的，它是在学习中逐渐培养起来的，作为教师应善于结合课本内容，介绍一些古今中外学科史，或有趣的学科知识，以激发学生的好奇心和求知欲，让学生尽情地“欣赏”。2.帮助学困生树立自信。学困生普遍存在压抑感，深感前途渺茫，具有厌学情绪。教师应该主动地关爱他们，多站在他们的立场考虑问题，多给他们展示自己的机会，帮助他们寻找失败的原因，消除恐惧心理，远离学困。3.加强学法指导。有些学困生虽然学习学科也有积极性，但成绩却总是上不去。主要原因就是他们缺乏学科学习策略，不会调控自己的学科认知过程与方法。因此，对这样的学困生应尽可能让他们掌握较多的学习方法和学习技能，培养善于灵活应用各种方法的能力。4.注意培养学困生的自我控制能力。学困生思想不稳定，上课容易分心。在课堂上应不断以目光、表情、手势以及声音的变化，或者作必要的停顿来警示他们，使其感到自己始终置于老师的关注之下，从而自觉控制自己的注意力。5.教师要关心、热爱、尊重学困生。对于学困生，教师不仅要关注学困生的学习、生活，还要关注学困生的心理。学困生和其他学生一样，有特长和闪光点，教师要捕捉学困生的光闪点，给予肯定和表扬，使其形成积极的情感体验。6.加强家庭、学校的联系，构建德育网络化。学校、家庭对学生有各种各样的影响，社会教育和家庭教育密切配合，才能有效地促进学困生的转化。总之，学困现象是一种不可避免与学习过程并存的问题，是一个值得认真探索和研究的紧迫课题。关注这一现象，势必有相应的策略，为全面推进素质教育与提高教育质量具有重大的意义。applicable laws, improve the social credibility of mediation agreement. Strengthening judicial confirmation of the conciliation agreement, enhancing conciliation authority. Three efforts to strengthen community corrections, placement assistance and education. Standard law enforcement, investing in special crowd control management. Learn General Secretary stressed that law enforcement agencies to complete the glorious mission entrusted by the party and the people, must be strictly law enforcement, fair administration of Justice. Advancing community corrections penalty, the key is to carry out standardization, strictly implement the measures for the implementation of community correction, and the provisions of the regulations on community corrections in Jiangsu Province, with a focus on ensuring safety and stability in order to improve the quality of correction as the core, actively improve the mechanisms and innovation initiatives, enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement of penalty such as Community Corrections Act. Improve the professional quality of law enforcement. Thoroughly implement the opinions on strengthening the construction of professional social workers, improving community corrections law enforcement personnel examination and assessment and permit issuance system, further optimize the structure. Efforts to increase education and training. Held community correction work business courses, organization business skills level test, improve line community correction staff of penalty implementation professional level and combat capacity, on received declared, and management education, and assessment rewards and punishments, and lifted terminated, law enforcement behavior specification unified, strictly implementation supervision management and education correction measures, ensure community correction law enforcement work of seriousness, promote law enforcement quality consciousness and law enforcement responsibility consciousness of improve, upgrade community correction law enforcement effectiveness. Strengthening science and technology changing work. Strengthen risk assessment and classification management active information management system of community correction function, ensure the object monitor rate of 100%. In accordance with the unified arrangement of the City Office, fully intelligent platform for enabling integration of the administration of Justice, placement assistance and education of community correction system and s