foregrounding 前景化.ppt

Foregrounding,前景化,DefinitionsandconceptsForegroundisatermusuallyusedinart,havingoppositemeaningtobackground.Itsaverygeneralprincipleofartisticcommunicationthataworkofartinsomewaydeviatesfromnormswhichwehavelearnt.Anyonewhowishestoinvestigatethesignificanceandvalueofaworkofartmustconcentrateontheelementofinterestandsurprise,ratherthanontheautomaticpattern.Suchdeviationsfromlinguisticorothersociallyacceptednormsarelabeledforegrounding.(Leech,1968:57).,InstylisticsForegroundinginstylisticsisatermborrowedfromthePragueSchoolofLinguistics,whichisusedbyLeechandShort(1981:48)torefertoartisticallymotivateddeviation.ForegroundinghasitsoriginwiththeCzechtheoristJanMukarovsk:itisMukarovsksoriginalterm,aktualisace,wasrenderedinEnglishbyhisfirsttranslator(Mukarovsk,1932/1964).Itreferstotherangeofstylisticeffectsthatoccurinliterature,whetheratthephoneticlevel(e.g.,alliteration,rhyme),thegrammaticallevel(e.g.,inversion,ellipsis),orthesemanticlevel(e.g.,metaphor,irony).,Theimmediateeffectofforegroundingistomakestrange(ostranenie陌生化),toachievedefamiliarization.Shklovskysawdefamiliarizationasaccompaniedbyfeeling:henoted,moreprecisely,thatstylisticdevicesinliterarytextsemphasizetheemotionaleffectofanexpression(Shklovsky,1917/1965,p.9).And,Mukarovskconcurs,Whenusedpoetically,wordsandgroupsofwordsevokeagreaterrichnessofimagesandfeelingsthaniftheyweretooccurinacommunicativeutterance(1977,p.73).,Examples:1.SillitoestextNowyoudthink,andIdthink,andeverybodywithabitofimaginationwouldthink,thatweddoneascleanajobascouldeverbedone,thatwiththebakersshopbeingatleastamilefromwherewelived,andwithnotasoulhavingseenus,andwhatwiththefogandthefactthatwewerentmorethanfiveminutesintheplace,thatthecoppersshouldneverhavebeenabletotraceus.Butthen,youdbewrong,Idbewrongandeverybodyelsewouldbewrong,nomatterhowmuchimaginationwasdicedoutbetweenus.,a)Therecursionofclauses,mainlythroughco-ordination,withsimilaroruniformitystructure.,Nowyoudthink,andIdthink,andeverybodywithabitofimaginationwouldthink,thatweddoneascleanajobascouldeverbedone,thatwiththebakersshopbeingatleastamilefromwherewelived,andwithnotasoulhavingseenus,andwhatwiththefogandthefactthatwewerentmorethanfiveminutesintheplace,thatthecoppersshouldneverhavebeenabletotraceus.Butthen,youdbewrong,Idbewrongandeverybodyelsewouldbewrong,nomatterhowmuchimaginationwasdicedoutbetweenus.,b)Thedistributionofclausesingroupsofthrees,producingastrikingpatternofparallelismsandsymmetricalstructure.,c)Thethirdfactorislexicalrepetitionintheco-ordinatedunits;theeffectproducedbytherecursiononthesyntacticlevelcanbesaidtobereinforcedbytherepetitionofthelexicalitems.,7,Overregularity,Definition:therepetitionofcertainlinguisticunitsofatextandinparallelism,wheresomefeaturesvarywhileothersarekeptconstant.Namely,itincludesrepetitionandparallelism.Repetitionisrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopyingofacertainpreviousunitinatext,suchasword,phraseorevenasentence,whichincludesimmediaterepetitionandintermittentrepetition.,8,Immediaterepetition:therepeatedunitimmediatelyfollowtheinitialunit.Forexample:Donotgogentlyintothatgoodnight,Oldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday,Rage,rageagainstthedyingoflight.Notes:Rageisrepeatedseveraltimesinthispoem,thusgreatemphasisisattachedontheitem,andalsoonthewholethemeofthepoem:oneshouldstruggleviolentlyagainstdeath.,9,Example2,Gold!Gold!Gold!Gold!Brightandyellow,hardandcold,Molten,graven,hammerdandrolld,Heavytogetandlighttohold.“Gold”isrepeatedfourtimesandreinforcedbythecapitalizationofthefirstletterandexcalmationmark.Itimplicatespoetsgreatintensityoffeelingwhentalkingaboutgold.,10,B.Intermittentrepetition,Definition:therepeatedpartsareseparatedbywords,phrasesorsentences.O,howthatnamebefitsmycomposition,OldGauntindeed,andgauntinbeingold.Herethespeakerispunningonhisownname.Therepetitionherevividlycapturestheemotionalstateofspeaker:hisutterdespairofhisoldageandhishealthcondition.,11,2Parallelism,Definition:Aparallelismusessimilarstructuresinseparatesentencestoexpressrelatedideasandwithwhichthesentenceisemphaticandforceful.Inparallelstructureitisnecessarytobalancewordforword,phraseforphrase,clauseforclauseandsentenceforsentence.Type:large-scaleandsmall-scaleparallelism,12,A.Large-scaleparallelism,Definition:thekindwhichconsistsofmorethantwojuxtaposedunits.MyheartleapsupwhenIbeholdArainbowinthesky,Sowasitwhenmylifebegan;SowasitnowIamaman;SobeitwhenIshallgrowold,Orletmedie!ThechildisfatheroftheMan;AndIcouldwishmydaystobeBoundeachtoeachbynaturalpiety.(Wordsworth),13,Explain,Inthispoem,thepoethassuccessfullyexpressedhisgreatreverencefornaturewhichgoesbeyondtheboundsofthepast,presentandfuture.Thethemeisbroughtoutchieflybytheparallelismwhichexistsinlines3,4and5.Firstly,thesamenessofstructureimpliesthesamenessinmeaning.Thisshowsthatthespeakerhopesthathisresponsetoseeingarainbowremainsthesamethroughoutthelife.Secondlyandmoreimportantly,theemotionalfeelingexpressedgetsstrongeraftereachjuxtaposedunit,reachingitsclimaxinthefinalparallelunit.,14,B.Thesmall-sca