critical thinking阅读时的批判性思维.ppt

CriticalThinking,Unit2,BookII,Text1CriticalThinking,PartI:(Paras.14)Whatiscriticalthinking?(definition)Para.1:Itsasystemforopeningeveryexistingsystem.Para.2:Or,criticalthinkingisthinkingthatanalyzesthought,thatassessesthought,andthattransformsthoughtforthebetter.Para.2:(Thereisathirdwaytotalkaboutcriticalthinking)Itsthinkingaboutthinkingwhilethinkinginordertothinkbetter.Para.4:Inotherwords,criticalthinking,transformsthinkingintwodirections:moresystematicallyandmorecomprehensively.,PartII:(Paras.56)Criticalthinkingisimportant.Para.5:Itsimportantbecausewe,ascreatures,aredeeplydeterminedbyourthinking.Para.6:Ourfutureasaspeciesisdependentonwhetherwecandevelopthewherewithaltoraiseourcollectivethinkingsoastoproducepositivechangesinsocietiesacrosstheworld.,PartIII:(Paras.710):ThetaskofdevelopingcriticalsocietiesisaHerculeanone.Para.7:topicsentenceandbackgroundinformation.Paras.8-10:Therearemanybarrierstocriticalthought.-Para.8:humanegocentricity,sociocentricity,self-delusion,narrow-mindedness-Para.9:fear,humaninsecurity,humanhabits,bureaucracy,-Para.10:Thenforuswhoareteaching,studentresistancetocriticalthinkingisanobstacle.mistakennotions,ignorance,ourlimitedknowledge,stubbornness,ouractivatedignorance,(finally)ourresistancetodoingtheintellectualwork.,PartIV(Paras.1115):Howdowecultivatecriticalthinking?Paras.11and12:Thiscanbedoneonlyperson-by-personthroughaprocess,whichwecallintellectualwork.Thinkofthe“ElementsofThought”.Areweinthehabitofaskingquestions?Paras.1315:Whatstandardsdoyouusetoassessyourthinkingandthethinkingofothers?“Iusethestandardsofclarity,accuracy,precision,relevance,depth,breadth,logicandfairness.”,Thelasttwoparas.:conclusionOurstudentsshouldlearntothinkcriticallysoastoknowhowtochangetheirthinkinginkeepingwiththechangesoftheworld.,Whatiscriticalthinking?Whyisitimportantforus?Whyisitsodifficult?Howcanwecultivateit?,Whatis“beingcritical”?,CriticcomesfromtheAncientGreek,meaningapersonwhooffersreasonedjudgmentoranalysis,andcriticismistheactivityofjudgmentorinformedinterpretation,whichcanbesynonymouswithanalysis.,Beingcriticalinacademictermsreferstotwobroadcharacteristicsofaresearcherswayofthinking.Acriticalresearcherisalwaysquestioning.askingquestion/expressingdoubts:nothingistakenforgranted.scrutinizingevidence:Wherethereisaclaimmade,clarifytheevidencethatsupports.drawingaconclusion:checkiftheclaimsinquestionarecredible-ornot!,Acriticalresearcherisopen-minded,respectfulofothers(evenwhileperhapschallengingtheirwork),andconstructive.Theobjectiveofcriticalresearchistoadvanceknowledge,nottobuildonesownreputationordamagesomeoneelses.,So,howdoyouunderstand“beingcritical”inreading?,Whatdowemeanbycriticalinreading?,readbetweenlinesbeinquisitivejudgecredibilitycommentrationallyreflectononeselfforimprovement,readbetweenlines:thinkingcarefullyaboutwhatyoureadandwhy:notjustlookingforandreadingtheobvious,beinquisitive:questioningandtestingwhatyouread,e.g.“dotheauthorsviewpointsandideasappearjustified?Why-orwhynot?”askinggoodquestionsofothersandofyourselfexploringfurtherwhatisnotadequatelydiscussedinwhatyouread,judgecredibility:judgingwhatisbelievableandwhatisnotspottingandchallengingpotentialbias,distortedviews,prejudice,andself-interest-intheworkofothers,andinyourownthinkingchallengingideas-whereappropriate,andbasedoncredibleevidence,commentrationally:notjustrepeatingtheideasofothers,butlookingforconnections(ordisparities),andconstructingyourownargumentssupportedbyarangecarefullyconsideredviewpoints,reflectforimprovement:lookingforgaps,andputtingforwardnewordifferentsolutions;adaptingyourplan,yourgoal,yourwayofreadingandlearningbasedonyourdevelopinginsights,Whatisthe“criticalthinking”stairway?Whatdopeopledowhentheythinkcritically?,Discussion(I),Whenyouhaveaproblem,orsimplywhenyouwanttodosth.,orachieveacertaingoal,whatdoyoudotoarriveatthefinaldestination?,Discussion(II),SherlockHolmesandJohnWatsonhavenevermeteachotherbuttheyaregoingtoshareaflat.Whentheymeetforthefirsttime,theymustwonder:Whoistheguyandwhatishelike?HowdidHolmesgettheanswers?HowdidWatsongettheanswers?,Holmeswaytogettheanswer,Questionobservationprocessinginformation(analyzingwhatisseenandrecognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisible)assumptionputtingtheassumptiontotestreconstructingbeliefarrivingataccurateconclusion,Watsonswaytogettheanswer,puzzledwaitingtobetoldtheanswer,CriticalThinking“Stairway”Questions/problems/plan/goal,etc.observation:gatheringrelevantinformationprocessinginformation:analyzing,comparing,synthesizing,recognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisibleassumption:Recognizingtheexistence(ornon-existence)oflogicalrelationshipsbetweeninformation;drawingwarrantedconclusionsandgeneralizationstest:puttingtheassumptiontotest,verifyingifitisaccurateReconstruction:reconstructingyourpatternsofbeliefsonthebasisofwiderexperienceifpreviousassumptionprovestobeinaccurateC