英文版计算机教程.ppt

unitone,unitthree,unittwo,unitfour,unitfive,unitsix,unitseven,uniteight,unitnine,unitten,computerenglish,unitoneafriendoraspycomputer,learningobjectives,inthisunityoushouldgetfamiliarwith:,thefunctionsofcomputerthechangescomputerbringstoourlifetheadvantageofcomputerthedisadvantagesofcomputer,returntohome,i.warm-up1.tick()thewordsorphrasesthatareassociatedwiththisunit.windowscompactdiscoperatingsystemdatabaseudiscmodemfirewallexplorerprocessorserverpdaworkstation2.lookatthefollowingfiguresandlabelthemcorrectlywiththewordsgivenbelow.notebookcomputerdesktopcomputerscannermainframecomputerlaserprinterhandheldpdafigure1._figure2._figure3._figure4._figure5._figure6._,returntohome,ii.partapersonalcomputerarechangingtheworldpersonalcomputerhavebeenchangingourdailylifesinceibmlauncheditspioneeringpconaugust12,1981.fromthenon,peoplehavesentinstantmessageswhilewatchingfriendsonwebcamerasratherthaninkingletterstofarawayfriends.andpeoplealsocouldsearchonlineforanythingfromlovetomedicaladviceorbargainairfares.personalcomputergivestheworldtelecommuting，videogamesandsedentarylifestylesalthoughithasmadeastunningdifferenceinpeopleslives，personalcomputerisstillintheearlystagesofthisstuffwhenwirelessseemstobeeverywhere,ourlifewillbeabigleapthatisthethingspeoplecouldntdreamof,computerhasalreadychangedourlifeinmanyways.theunprecedentedaccesstopeopleandinformationprovidedbycomputershaschangedsocietysprivacylandscape.creditcards,banksandtelephonecompaniesrecorduseractivitiesinternetfirmsthatprovidefreeservicessuchason-linesearches，maps，ande-mailsaveinformationtypedinbyusersandsortitbyuniqueidentificationnumbersinthemachines.withsomuchofourlivesdigital，theabilityofthegovernmentandotherpeopletoknowwhatwearedoing,reconstructourlivesandbasicallystalkusonlinehasgrown.now,asfaraswecansee,theeffectsofcomputersonsocietygofardeeperthanonlinelifestyles.thecomputerbringstheworldintothehomeasthetelevisiondidbeforeit.,butitisalsoawindowthatletsotherslookintoyourworld,particularlyyourbosses；peopleyoubuyfromorsellto；andourgovernment.theyhaveflourishedasaplatformforsocialnetworking,withgroupsrangingfromonlinecliquestobuyvirtualproperty.anyonewithacomputerhastheabilitytoquicklyputvideo,text,oraudioontheinternet,whichunleashesafloodofweblogsand“citizenjournalism”that，whiledemocratic,lacksstandardsforintegrityandreliability.thefulleffectsthatcomputersandtheinternetwillhaveonjournalism,educationandthemilitaryareyettobeknown,butiftheinternetcorrodestheinstitutionsourculturedependson，thenwemayhavenewsocialnetworksbutloseveryvaluablesocialgoods.withthedevelopingofcomputertechnologies,andtheprogressingweknowandusethem,webelievewecanconquerthedifficultiesthatcomputerbrings.andthen,wellopenanewpageofourlife.,newwordsandexpressionswebsitesn.网站sedentarya.坐着的，不（或极少）活动的stunninga.令人震惊的，极好的unprecedenteda.空前的，无前例的cliquen.私党,小圈子,派系proxyn.代理人integrityn.正直，诚实reliabilityn.可靠性corrodevt.腐蚀，侵蚀,exercises:1.answerthefollowingquestionsbrieflyaccordingtothetext.whenwasthefirstpclaunched?howdoesthecomputerchangesocietysprivacylandscape?whywecallcomputerasaplatformforsocialnetworking?canwetrusttheinformationonweblogsand“citizenjournalism”?why?doyouthinkcomputerwilldestroyourlifeoneday?why?,2.fillinthetablebelowbygivingthecorrespondingchineseorenglishequivalents.,3.readthepassageagainandfillintheblankswiththeinformationyouhavegotinthepassage.sinceibmlauncheditspioneeringpc,peoplehavesentinstantmessageswhilewatchingfriendsonratherthaninkingletterstofarawaypals.theunprecedentedtopeopleandprovidedbycomputershaschangedsocietysprivacylandscape.thecomputerasthetelevisiondidbeforeiton.,4.choosethebestonefromtheitemsgivenbelowtocompletethefollowingpassage.earlycomputersatosolvemathematicalandengineeringproblems.thefirstgeneralpurposeofbelectroniccomputerwastheelectronicnumericalintegratorandcomputer(eniac),builtbyj.prespereckertandjohnv.mauchlyattheuniversityofpennsylvaniain1946.itfilledathirtybyfifty-footroomandcthirtytons.thecomputerhad18,000vacuumtubeswhichdperformcalculationsatarateof5,000additionspersecond.thisisethananyhumancouldperform,butagreatdealslowerthanthecomputersoftoday.a：arebuildwerebuiltbuildbuiltb：programmingprogrammaticprogrammableprogramc：weighedweightedweighweightd：areusedtousedtousetowereusedtoe：morefastfastermuchfasterveryfaster,5.thefollowingisahumorousconversationbetweenacustomerandasalesman.fillintheblankswiththehelpofthechinesegiveninthebrackets.salesman:canihelpyou?customer:yes,ineedtobuyacomputerforthissemester.iwastolditischeapertobuycomputershere.salesman:well,.(你听到的是对的)youcanget(很不错的价格)onanewcomputerhere.wehavegreatdiscountsforstudents.customer:idontknowmuchaboutcomputers.butiknowiwant(一台有很大内存的桌上电脑).andineedaprinter.salesman:well,firstletsconsideryourcomputer.here,forexample,isasystemi.(极力推荐)-thepowermacintoshg3.itcomeswith512moftotalmemory.customer:isthatalot?fivehundredandtwelve?,salesman:yes,itis.itshouldbeenoughforanystudentneedsyoumighthave.well,wehaveaspecialdealonrightnow.ifyoubuyoneofthese(17寸彩色显示屏)withapowermacintoshg3,youcanactuallyget30percentofftheusualsaleprice.customer:thirtypercent?salesman:yes.customer:wow.thatsreallygood.andyouthink(对一个学生而言，这是一个很好的系统吗)?salesman:yes.itsexcellent.customer:hmm.ithinkishouldasksomeofmyfriendsforadvicebeforeimakeadecision.salesman:no,dontbesorry.itsreasonabletoaskyourfriends.customer:well,thanksforyouradvice.iwillprobablycomebacklater.salesman:youreverywelcome.hereismycard,ifyouneedanyhelp,contactmeplease.,returntohome,partbcanyoutrustyourcomputer?whomshouldyourcomputertakeitsordersfrom?mostpeoplethinktheircomputersshouldobeythem,notobeysomeoneelse.withaplantheycalltrustedcomputing,largemediacorporations(includingthemoviecompaniesandrecordcompanies),togetherwithcomputercompaniessuchasmicrosoftandintel,areplanningtomakeyourcomputerobeytheminsteadofyou.(microsoftsversionofthisschemeiscalledpalladium.)proprietaryprogramshaveincludedmaliciousfeaturesbefore,butthisplanwouldmakeituniversal.proprietarysoftwaremeans,fundamentally,thatyoudontcontrolwhatitdoes;youcantstudythesourcecode,orchangeit.itsnotsurprisingthatcleverbusinessmenfindwaystousetheircontroltoputyouatadisadvantage.,microsofthasdonethisseveraltimes:oneversionofwindowswasdesignedtoreporttomicrosoftallthesoftwareonyourharddisk;arecentsecurityupgradeinwindowsmediaplayerrequireduserstoagreetonewrestrictions.butmicrosoftisnotalone:thekazaamusic-sharingsoftwareisdesignedsothatkazaasbusinesspartnercanrentouttheuseofyourcomputertotheirclients.thesemaliciousfeaturesareoftensecret,butevenonceyouknowaboutthemitishardtoremovethem,sinceyoudonthavethesourcecode.inthepast,thesewereisolatedincidents.trustedcomputingwouldmakeitpervasive.treacherouscomputingisamoreappropriatename,becausetheplanisdesignedtomakesureyourcomputerwillsystematicallydisobeyyou.infact,itisdesignedtostopyourcomputerfromfunctioningasageneral-purposecomputer.everyoperationmayrequireexplicitpermission.,thetechnicalideaunderlyingtreacherouscomputingisthatthecomputerincludesadigitalencryptionandsignaturedevice,andthekeysarekeptsecretfromyou.proprietaryprogramswillusethisdevicetocontrolwhichotherprogramsyoucanrun,whichdocumentsordatayoucanaccess,andwhatprogramsyoucanpassthemto.theseprogramswillcontinuallydownloadnewauthorizationrulesthroughtheinternet,andimposethoserulesautomaticallyonyourwork.ifyoudontallowyourcomputertoobtainthenewrulesperiodicallyfromtheinternet,somecapabilitieswillautomaticallyceasetofunction.,todayyoucanavoidbeingrestrictedbyproprietarysoftwarebynotusingit.ifyourungnu/linuxoranotherfreeoperatingsystem,andifyouavoidinstallingproprietaryapplicationsonit,thenyouareinchargeofwhatyourcomputerdoes.youcanalsorunfreeapplicationprogramsandtoolsonnon-freeoperatingsystems;thisfallsshortoffullygivingyoufreedom,butmanyusersdoit.newwordsandexpressionscorporationn.公司，企业microsoftn.微软（公司）inteln.英特尔公司proprietaryadj.所有者的，所有权的，私权的maliciousadj.有恶意的，怀恨的pervasiveadj.普遍的，流行的,treacherousadj.背叛的，不可靠的explicitadj.明确的，明白表示的encryptionn.加密ceasev.停止，终止exercises:1.markthefollowingstatementswitht(true)orf(false)accordingtothetext.computeronlyobeysitsowner.ifwefoundsomemaliciousfeaturesinourcomputer,wecanremovethem.youarealwaysindisadvantagewhenyoufacethosecleverbusinessmen,suchasintelandkazaa.ifyourefusetoobtainthenewauthorizationrulesfromtheinternet,somecapabilitiesofyourcomputerwillnotworkautomatically.,wecanavoidbeingrestrictedbyproprietarysoftwarebynotusingit.notafewusersrunfreeapplicationprogramsandtoolsonnon-freeoperatingsystems.2.completethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingthepartsgiveninchinese.1)(随着科学技术的发展)，moreandmoreinformationincludingnumericaldataandagreatdealofnone-numericaldatacomeout.2)especiallyintheseyears,withthedevelopmentofdatabaseandcomputernetworktechnique,computerusersindifferentdistrictsandcountriescan(通过网络通讯共享信息资源)。3)now,ascam、cadandcaibeingusedverywidely,(全面自动化)fromdesigntoproductionhasfulfilledinmanyfields.4)computeriselectronicequipmentwhichcanmake(算术和逻辑运算),processinformationrapidlyandautomatically.5)thetechnicalideaunderlyingtreacherouscomputingisthatthecomputerincludes（一个数位加密以及签章装置），andthekeysarekeptsecretfromyou.,returntohome,iii.furtherreadinghowbillgatesworkmanypeoplearefamiliarwiththehistoryofbillgatesandmicrosoftbuttheyareoftenwonderingabouthowbillgatesworks.nowletsgotobillsofficetohavealookatwhathisroutinejobsare.ifyoulookatbillgatesoffice,thereisntmuchpaperinit.onhisdeskhehasthreescreens,synchronizedtoformasingledesktop.hecandragitemsfromonescreentothenext.atmicrosoft,e-mailisthemediumofchoice.billgetsabout100e-mailsaday.theyapplyfilteringtokeepittothatlevele-mailcomesstraighttobillfromanyonehesevercorrespondedwith.andhealwaysseesawrite-upfromhisassistantofanyothere-mail.billusestoolslikein-boxrulesandsearchfolderstomarkandgroupmessagesbasedontheircontentandimportance.,outlookalsohasalittlenotificationboxthatcomesupinthelowerrightwheneveranewe-mailcomesin.heismuchdisciplinedaboutignoringthatunlessheseesthatitsahigh-prioritytopic.billgatesdealswithinformationoverloadedbyusingsharepoint,atoolthatcreateswebsitesforcollaborationonspecificprojects.thesesitescontainplans,schedules,discussionboards,andotherinformation,andtheycanbecreatedbyjustaboutanyoneinthecompanywithacoupleofclicks.anotherdigitaltoolthathashadabigeffectonhisproductivityisdesktopsearch.henowhasgigabytesofinformationonhispcandserversintheformofe-mails,documents,mediafiles,contactdatabases,andsoon.andbillgets90%ofhisnewsonline,andwhenhegoestoameetingandwantstojotthingsdown,hebringshistabletpc.italsohasanote-takingpieceofsoftwarecalledonenote,soallhisnotesareindigitalform.,theonelow-techpieceofequipmentstillinhisofficeishiswhiteboard.billalwayshasnicecolorpens,anditsgreatforbrainstormingwhenheswithotherpeople,andevensometimesbyhimself.daysareoftenfilledwithmeetings.soitsgreatafterthekidsgotobedtobeabletojustsitathomeandgothroughwhatevere-mailhedidntgetto.iftheentireweekisverybusy,itstheweekendwhenhellsendthelong,thoughtfulpiecesofe-mail.whenpeoplecomeinmondaymorning,theyllseethathesbeenquitebusy-theyllhavealotofe-mail.,furtherdiscussions:1.pleasedescribebillgatesofficeinafewsentences.2.inbillgatesbookforhighschoolandcollegegraduates,thereisalistof11thingstheydidnotlearninschool.inthisbook,billgatestalksabouthowfeelgood,politically-correctteachingscreatedafullgenerationofkidswithnoconceptofrealityandhowthiseducationsetthemupforfailureintherealworld.canyoulistthese11things?3.thefollowingisalistofcomputerenglishterms.afterreading,youarerequiredtoidentifythechineseequivalentsinthetablebelow.thenyoushouldputthecorrespondinglettersinthebrackets.,()acalculator1.个人计算机()bdigitalcomputer2.数据处理()cfeedback3.指令()dterminal4.地址()ekeyboard5.终端()fpersonalcomputer6.键盘()gdataprocessing7.数字计算机()hinstruction8.反馈()iitem9.计算器()jaddress10.项目,项,i.warm-up1.answerthefollowingquestionsbrieflyaccordingtothetext.（略）2.figure1notebookcomputerfigure2desktopcomputerfigure3handheldpdafigure4mainframecomputerfigure5scannerfigure6laserprinter,ii.partaonaugust12,1981.theunprecedentedaccesstopeopleandinformationprovidedbycomputershaschangedsocietysprivacylandscapebyrecordinguseractivities;saveinformationtypedinbyusersandsortitbyuniqueidentificationnumbersinthemachines.therearegroupsrangingfromonlinecliquestofantasyworldsinhabitedbyanimatedcustom“avatar”proxiesthatparty，work，andbuyvirtualproperty.no，becausetheylackedstandardsforintegrityandreliability.iftheinternetcorrodestheinstitutionsourculturedependson，thenwemayhavenewsocialnetworksbutloseveryvaluablesocialgoods.,3.webcameras;access;information;bringingtheworldintothehome4.1):b2):c3):a4):d5):c5.salesman:youheardright,anexcellentdealcustomer:adesktopcomputerwithalotofmemorysalesman:highlyrecommendsalesman:seventeen-inchcolormonitorscustomer:thisisreallyagoodsystemforastudent？,partb1.fftttf2.1)withthedevelopmentofsciencetechnique2)sharemanyvaluableinformationresourcethroughnetwork3)completeautomation4)arithmeticandlogiccalculation5)adigitalencryptionandsignaturedevice,iii.furtherreading1.略。2.the11thingsare:(1)lifeisnotfair,getusedtoit.(2)theworldwontcareaboutyourself-esteem.theworldwillexpectyoutoaccomplishsomethingbeforeyoufeelgoodaboutyourself.(3)youwillnotmake40thousanddollarsayearrightoutofhighschool.youwontbeavicepresidentwithacarphone,untilyouearnboth.(4)ifyouthinkyourteacheristough,waittillyougetaboss.hedoesnthavetenure.(5)flippingburgersisnotbeneathyourdignity.yourgrandparentshadadifferentwordforburgerflipping;theycalleditopportunity.(6)ifyoumessup,itsnotyourparentsfault,sodontwhineaboutourmistakes,learnfromthem.,(7)beforeyouwereborn,yourparentswerentasboringastheyarenow.theygotthatwayfrompayingyourbills,cleaningyourclothesandlisteningtoyoutalkabouthowcoolyouare.sobeforeyousavetherainforestfromtheparasitesofyourparentsgeneration,trydelousingtheclosetinyourownroom.(8)yourschoolmayhavedoneawaywithwinnersandlosers,butlifehasnot.insomeschoolstheyhaveabolishedfailinggrades;theyllgiveyouasmanytimesasyouwanttogettherightanswer.thisdoesntbeartheslightestresemblancetoanythinginreallife.(9)lifeisnotdividedintosemesters.youdontgetsummersoffandveryfewemployersareinterestedinhelpingyoufindyourself.dothatonyourowntime.(10)televisionisnotreallife.inreallifepeopleactuallyhavetoleavethecoffeeshopandgotojobs.(11)benicetonerds.chancesarethatyoullendupworkingforone.,3.a-9;b-7;c-8;d-5;e-6;f-1;g-2;h-3;i-10;j-4.,returntohome,translation,第一单元个人计算机朋友还是间谍parta个人计算机改变着我们的世界自从1981年8月12日，ibm推出了最早的个人计算机之后，计算机就改变了我们的日常生活。从那时起，人们不再用墨水给远方的好友写信，而是可以通过网络摄像头看着对方，给他们发送即时消息。人们也可以在网络上搜寻任何关心的信息，从爱情到医疗建议到打折机票等。个人计算机给世界带来了远程办公、视频游戏和久坐的生活方式。尽管电脑已经使人们的生活发生了惊人的变化，但它仍然处于初期阶段。当无线设备无处不在的时候，我们将看到一个巨大的飞跃。那是些你和我做梦都想不到的事情。计算机已经在很多方面改变了我们的生活。计算机为人们提供了史无前例地获取信息的渠道，改变了社会的隐私状况。信用卡、银行和电话公司记录着用户的活动情况。提供在线搜索、地图和电子邮件等免费服务的互联网公司保存用户输入的信息，并通过机器里的独特识别号码对信息进行分类。,随着我们生活中这么多的东西已经数字化，政府和其他人便有了更大的能力了解我们在做什么，重构我们的生活，以及主要依凭网络来追踪我们。现在，正如我们所了解到的那样，计算机对社会的影响远不止网络生活方式。计算机把世界带到了家中，就像以前电视所做的那样，但它也是一扇窗，使其他人可以看到你的世界。特别是你的老板，与你做买卖的人，以及我们的政府。计算机已经发展成为一个繁忙的社交网络平台，各种不同的组织，从网上小团体到神奇的世界，那里居住着活跃的用户“虚拟化身”代理人，他们聚会，工作并且购买虚拟财产。任何拥有计算机的人都能很快地把视频、文本或音频放到互联网上，这使得网络日志和“市民新闻”大量涌现，尽管它们具有民主性，但缺乏统一的标准和可信性。计算机以及互联网对新闻业、教育和军队的全部影响还不清楚，但如果互联网侵蚀我们的文化所依存的制度，那么我们可能会拥有新的社会网络，也会失去很有价值的社会利益。但是，随着计算机的发展，以及人们对它的进一步认识与利用，相信我们能够很好地克服它的弊端，从而使人类的生活翻开崭新的一页。,partb你相信你的计算机吗？您的电脑应该听从于谁的命令？大部份的人认为他们的电脑应该服从他们而不是别人。经由一项他们称之为“可信赖的计算”的计划，大型的媒体公司（包括电影和唱片公司）以及像microsoft和intel电脑公司，正打算使您的电脑服从他们而不是您。（这项方案的microsoft版本称之为“安全装备”palladium。）私权的程序在以前就已经有包括了一些恶意的功能特色，但是这项打算将会使其普遍化。私权软件在本质上即表示：您无法控制它要做些什么；您不能研究源代码或是更动它。聪明的商人找出一些方法利用他们的控制，来使您处於劣势的行为并不让人感到惊讶。microsoft已经做过许多次了：有一个版本的windows被设计来将在您的硬碟上的所有软件回报给microsoft；一个最近在windowsmediaplayer上的“安全”升级要求使用者同意新的限制。但microsoft并不孤单：,kazaa这个音乐分享软件被设计成，使kazaa的商业伙伴可以将您的电脑的使用出租给他们的客户。这些恶意的功能特色通常是隐密的，但是就算您发现到，也很难将它们移除，因为您并没有源代码。在过去，这些都是个别的事件。“可信赖的计算”将可能使它变得普遍。“背判了的计算”是一个较为合适的名称，因为这项打算是设计用来确保您的电脑将会有系统地不服从您。事实上，它是设计用来使您的电脑无法作为一台通用的计算机。每一项操作都将会需要明确的许可才得以进行。在“背判了的计算”底下的技术想法是：电脑包括了一个数位加密（digitalencryption）以及签章（signature）装置，而其键值（keys）对您来说则是无法取得的秘密。私权程序将会使用这项装置来控制您可以执行的其它程序、您可以储存的文档或资料以及您可以传递的程序。这些程序将会持续地经由互联网下载新的认证规则（authorizationrules），并且自动地将那些规则加诸到您的工作上。如果您不允许您的电脑定期地从互联网取得新的规则,那么一些功能（capabilities）将会自动地停止工作(function)。,今天您可以经由不去使用它来避免被私权软件所限制。如果您执行gnu/linux或是其它的自由操作系统，并且如果您避免在它上面安装私权应用程序，那么您就换得了完全地掌握您的电脑做些什么的自由。您也可以在收费的操作系统上运行免费的应用程序和工具；这并不足以给予您完全的自由，但是有许多使用者这么做。,returntohome,unittwofundamentalsofcomputerhardware,learningobjectivesinthisunityoushouldgetfamiliarwith:,thecomponentsofcomputerhardwarethemainfunctionsofeachcomponenttheconceptofcomputermicroprocessorthebusinessbenefitsofcomputerhardware,returntohome,i.warm-up1.tick()thewordsorphrasesthatareassociatedwiththisunit.pccameramicrosoftmousecompactdiscdriverudiscintelinternetkeyboardphotoshopmodemlaserprintercpu,2.lookatthefollowingfiguresandlabelthemcorrectlywiththewordsgivenbelow.mouseudisccompactdiscdriverlcdkeyboardgamepad,figure1_,figure2_,figure3_,figure4_,figure5_,figure6_,returntohome,whatisthecomputerhardware?microcomputerhardwareconsistsofdevicesforinput,processing,storage,outputandcommunications.inputdevices:inputdevicesareequipmentthattranslatesdataandprogramsthathumanscanunderstandintoaformthatthecomputercanprocess.themostcommoninputdevicesformicrocomputersarethekeyboardandthemouse.thekeyboardonacomputerlookslikeatypewriterkeyboard,butithasadditionalspecializedkeys.amouseisadevicethattypicallyrollsonthedesktop.itdirectstheinsertionpointorcursor,onthedisplayscreen.amousehasoneormorebuttonsforselectingcommands.itisalsousedtodrawfigures.,thesystemunit:thesystemunitiselectroniccircuitryhousedwithinthecomputercabinet.thetwomainpartsofthesystemunitare:thecentralprocessingunit(cpu)controlsandmanipulatesdatatoproduceinformation.amicrocomputerscpuiscontainedonasingleintegratedcircuitormicroprocessorchip.thesechipsarecalledmicroprocessors.,memory,alsoknownasprimarystorage,holdsdataandprograminstructionsforprocessingthedata.italsoholdstheprocessedinformationbeforeitisoutput.memoryissometimesreferredtoastemporarystoragebecau