四级写作1.doc

四级英语作文指南第一章 词语的运用一、常用词语所谓常用词语，就是指平常阅读中经常遇到的，一看便知其意的词语。这些词语看似简单，但要用好则不容易。我们往往有这样的体会，平常看似熟悉的词，一旦作文，就感觉读别人写得好的作文，感觉其中的不少词语都非常熟悉，而且能体会到这些词语的的确用得好。可自己却压根儿不会那么使用，甚至从来就没有尝试着用到自己的作文当中。究其真正的原因，不少学习者所掌握的大量英语词只能是用来阅读，而不能用于表达。1. 时间是医治一切创伤的良药。 Time cures all things.2. 这美丽的一刻深深印在我脑海中。 This moment of beauty has been firmly locked in my mind.3. 这个世界永远属于追梦的人。 The world always makes way for the dreamer4. 不要因为别的人相信或否定了什么东西，你也就去相信它或否定它。上帝赠予你一个用来判断真理和谬误的头脑。运用自己的头脑吧。 Neither believe nor reject anything, because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it.5. 世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，而有经验的人又缺乏想象力。 The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience, and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations.6. 我有个朋友，晚餐后常在阳台上独坐。 “我爱黄昏的气息”，一次她告诉我。这句特别的话令我难忘。 I have a friend who often sits by herself on the porch after supper. “I love the smell of sundown,” she told me once, and the odd phrase stayed with me.7. 他放弃了政治活动，本来他在这方面是大有作为的。 He gave up politics when he might have made a great career in it.8. 人无完人。的确，人人都可能犯错误。 No man is perfect. In fact, all men are liable to error.9. 我们必须接受有限的失望，但我们绝不可失去无限的希望。 We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.10. 要说服别人，先得说服自己。 If you would convince others, you seem open to conviction yourself.划有下划线的词语看起来都不难，但细细体会，则发现用得实在巧妙。这正是值得我们学习和揣摩的。二、同义词语作文最怕用词单调。如果一篇文章翻来覆去就那么些词儿，会让人读起来索然无味，昏昏入睡。而让人读不下去作文，很难吸引读者的注意，也不可能在考试中得高分。因此，平时练习作文甚至记单词时就得培养一种意识，绝不能仅仅因为知道用一个词儿或短语来表达某个意思就满足了，相同的概念是可以根据用不同词汇来表达的。在选择词语时应多想一想，或者查一查词典，看是否还有其它的同义词语。运用熟了，词汇就会越来越丰富。三、反义词语无论是记述文或议论文，都有可能针对一个事物对立的两个方面或对立的两个事物进行比较和对比。要生动地描述或分析事物的不同或对立，恰倒好处地通过反义词语可以给人以鲜明的印象，取得事半功倍的效果。而尽力掌握和运用一些反义词语正是作文基本功的必须。四、日常用语和书面词语英语书面语和口语的表达形式有一定区别。口语用词较为简单随意。书面语则较为讲究，须在恰当传递信息的基础上产生一定的修辞效果。如 go on, put up, by the way 等常用于口语中。但如果在书面语中则不能随意使用，不然会让人感觉不伦不类。正所谓“什么场合说什么话”。 试比较下面两组词语，可发现书面语确有不同。understandingrecognitionpunishmentpenaltysuppose presumethinkdeemroom accommodationnamedesignatebegin commenceget rid of eliminatehave to be obliged tounaware of oblivious五、一般词语与具体词语 有些学习者在英语作文时常常感到无话可说，绞尽脑汁还是一些不着边际的话语，自己读来也感到空洞、枯燥。如果注意掌握和运用较为具体的词语，情况就会大有改观。 例如谈到对残疾人的关心，可以说：I developed a new compassion for the disabled.但比较平淡，不能给人以具体的感觉。而稍作修改，则会令人印象加深：Whenever I had the chance to help the disabled, I did so happily.更具体一点，就形象生动了：The next time Mrs. Cooper asked me to help her across the street, I smiled and immediately took her arm.再比较两段文字：Computer can never replace human brain. Computer is created by man. It is true that computer can do many things that people do, but computer can not think like people. People can love or hate something besides work, but computer can only work. Also computer can only work according to the order of human beings. Anyway, computer is machine. So human brain is far better than computer.Computer can never replace human brain. It is true that computer can store a large amount of information and process various data at amazing speed. Some advanced computers, as the great achievements of high-tech, are able to beat excellent human chess player and perform extraordinary work which people can hardly do on other planets. But no computer can operate effectively without the instructions of people. As compared with human beings, computer can hardly think actively and creatively，nor can they translate literary works, such as stories and poems. Moreover, computer requires man-made software and must have the command of man before it can function. Surely, human brain is superior to computer.第一段虽然语句没有什么毛病，但词语都较含糊笼统，如many things，do，work等词语无法给人以具体的概念，干巴巴的几句话，内容空洞。第二段则用store，information，process，data，perform extraordinary work等具体词语说明了电脑的特点。与人相比，电脑需要software和command才能工作，以事实说明人脑胜过电脑。六、形容词与副词某些在汉语中用的概念在英语中则用。如果能灵活运用英语形容词与副词，则英语读来使人感觉更为地道，洋味更足。试比较几组句子：1. 我们可以从因特网上获得这一信息。We can get the information on the Internet. 动词表达形容词或副词来表达This information is accessible / available on the Internet.2. 环境污染最终将毁灭我们整个社会。In the end, the pollution of the environment will destroy our society.In the end, the pollution of the environment will be destructive to our society.3. 他父母根本不知道他考试不及格的事儿。His parents did not know anything about his failure in the examination.His parents were kept ignorant of his failure in the examination.4. 玛丽颇有雄心, 想在两个月里学会用汉语流利地会话。Mary has the ambition that she will able to achieve the conversational fluency in Chinese in two months Mary is ambitious enough to aspire to conversational fluency in Chinese in two months5. 不过，在现实生活中有时确实会出现一些巧合。这些巧合除了19世纪小说家外谁也不会相信。 But in real life circumstances do sometimes conspire to bring about coincidences which anyone but a nineteenth century novelist would believe. But in real life circumstances do sometimes conspire to bring about coincidences which anyone but a nineteenth century novelist would find incredible.6. 一般来说，在这样的热天吃冷食更好. Generally speaking, cold food is better in this hot weather. Generally speaking, cold food is preferable in this hot weather.7. 湛蓝的天空中, 飘着一个花环状的橄榄枝, 这就是雅典奥运会徽。作为世界体育运动的一个象征, 它备受世人瞩目。A white, wreath-shaped olive branch floating in a blue sky - as the emblem of the Athens Olympic Games, it is one of the symbols mostly recognized in world sport.A white, wreath-shaped olive branch floating in a blue sky - as the emblem of the Athens Olympic Games, it is one of the most recognizable symbols in world sport.8. 这家化工厂赚不到钱, 很快就要倒闭。This chemical plant can no longer make profits, so its days are numbered.This chemical plant is no longer profitable, so its days are numbered.9. 我们特别感谢你们，在时间那么仓促的情况下能安排我们与代表们会面。We must thank you especially for you have arranged the meeting or us with the delegates at such a short notice.We are especially thankful to you for arranging the meeting for us with the delegates at such a short notice.10. 他要我详尽地叙述试验的进展情况。He asked me to tell him about the progress of the experiment in details.He asked me for a full account of the progress of the experiment.第二章 句子与句子结构的变化一、英语句子基本概念一篇200至300字的考试作文约二十或三十多个句子。而恰恰就是这些句子，成为作文扣分的重点。有的作文虽内容较丰富，却因为句式表达失误，结果让人越读越糊涂。有的因为随意乱打标点符号，叫人看半天也不知句子应从哪儿开始，哪儿完结。还有的则句式呆板，从头到尾几乎一律是主语谓语宾语的结构，把人看得脖子发直。凡此种种，都会给评卷人留下较差的印象，当然无法给出高分。为什么会出现上述各种情况呢？一是句子不能搬家。如果是课文造句练习，一般都能照葫芦画瓢。但要综合运用各类型句子来表达一个完整的主题，句式就变得似是而非。二是汉语加英语的混合式表达。灵感一来，句型跟不上思路的发展，便顾不了那么多，中文句式英文句式一齐上，结果一串句子中西结合，不知所云。三是感觉英文句子还是不能太复杂，为保险起见，主语谓语宾语的结构比较平稳，至少可少扣分。而这些因素正好直接影响到作文的分数。有人说，句子就是财富，句子就是一切，此话不无道理。从某种意义而言，造好了句子，就等于写好了作文。 要用完整、正确的句子来有效地表达思想，首先必须明了英语句子的基本结构和特点。 一、句子的基本结构和特点 英语句子可以千变万化，但基本句子结构只有五种。 1. 主语+谓语动词Birds sing.They came. 2. 主语+谓语动词+宾语She bought a book.They attended the meeting. 3. 主语+谓语动词+间宾+直宾The boy asked me a few questions.I gave him some apples. 4. 主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾补We made him our monitorThey call him Jack. 5. 主语+谓语动词+主补He is a teacher.The flower is beautiful.这些基本结构可变化出无穷无尽的句子。包括并列句、复合句、复杂句等。而一篇质量较高的作文，正是这些句子的变化和组合。1. 句子要有明确的主语和谓语以及其它必要的成分。2. 尽量用自己熟悉和能够把握的句型。3. 长、短句要适当搭配。不能因怕出错而都写短句，也不可追求长得不知所云的句子。4. 句子成分不要总是主、谓、宾。要讲究一定变化。以增强可读性。二、句子如何变化一篇作文如同自然风景一样讲究变化与和谐。身处自然环境中，谁也不愿意只看到光秃秃的树。而一篇作文如果从头到尾都是单调的句式，肯定会让读者的头疼。对考试作文而言，也就无法让阅读人给出满意的分数。因此，在力争正确、完整地表达意思的前提下，学习运用不同的句式使自己的意思得到生动和准确的表达，既有助于避免单调枯燥的句式，也可增强作文的可读性，给读者留下较好的印象。须知读者 (阅卷人) 的“印象”对考试作文的判分是极为重要的。下面介绍几种句子变化的手段，如果能恰当运用，作文定会使评卷人刮目相看。1. 主语扩大手段日常生活中常常有这样的现象，我们说起一个事，会自然停顿一下，再对这件事补充说明一下，然后说有关事儿的细节。如：“老王，去过张家界吗？”“张家界，那可是个风景秀美的方呵，我一直想去看看，可惜没机会。”笔头造句时恰好可利用话语的这一特点，给主语增添内容，改变句子的结构，增强句子的节奏感和变化。从语法结构来说，扩大的部分（即两个逗号之间的部分）为主语的同位语或由关系代词who, whose which等引导的修饰主语的定语从句。例如：1. Ambition, a strong drive for success and a cherished desire to realize ones dream, will constantly prompt a person to try his utmost toward the end he expects to achieve. 比较： Ambition is a strong drive for success and a cherished desire to realize ones dream, which will constantly prompt a person to try his utmost toward the end he expects to achieve.2. John, surprised to get a phone call from his sister, was happy to hear her voice again. 比较：John was surprised to get a phone call from his sister, and he was happy to hear her voice again.)3. Indiana, which used to be mainly an agricultural state, has recently attracted more industry. 比较：Indiana used to be mainly an agricultural state. It has recently attracted more industry.4. Doctor Ramirez, who specializes in sports medicine, helped my cousin recover from a basketball injury. 或：Doctor Ramirez, whose specialty is sports medicine, helped my cousin recover from a basketball injury. 比较：Doctor Ramirez specializes in sports medicine. She helped my cousin recover from a basketball injury.这种方法用于作文的开头，有时可产生意想不到的良好效果。试比较几篇作文的开头：2005年12月四级作文题1名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3我认为 Should the University Campus Be Open to tourism?Famous university campuses, which are the dreamy places for middle school students and their parents, have become very hot tourist attraction in recent years. Among all the universities and colleges in China, the famous ones like Tsing Hua and Beijing University are frequently visited by students and parents from different parts of the country. They come to these Universities, expecting someday the fortune of admission to one of these universities will fall on them. 2006年6月24日新四级作文题1有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师。 2学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素。 3学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的问题。College teachers, whose teaching experiences and skills will have a direct influence on students, play a very important role in students course studies. At present, students in some universities and colleges have got the permission to select their favorite teachers for certain courses. Not only has this demonstrated the determination of the administrators in the promotion of the reform of college education, but also the great change in Chinese academic education.不仅四级作文，不少六级作文的开头也可这样操作。例如：2006年6月英语六级作文题国外旅游1.近十年来某城市越来越多人选择出去旅游2.出现这种现象的原因3.这种现象可能产生的影响Traveling AbroadTraveling abroad, a good way to broaden ones horizon and enjoy alien scenic spots, foreign culture, as well as customs, has become a fascinating leisure for an increasing number of citizens in a city. According to the table, 1n 1995, the number of citizens who would be willing to travel abroad was 10000, which, when it cam to 2000, reached to approximately 40000. And in 2005, people interested in traveling abroad amounted to more than 12,000. There are several reasons attributing to the dramatic rise. 2. 给名词加修饰 有些学习者常抱怨自己的句子简单得自己看了都不好意思，可想用一点复杂的句子又没把握。其原因主要是汉语句子多为线型排列，而英语句子则多树型结构。例如： She was an old woman who lived in a farm near the small town where I was born.我出生在一个小镇里。小镇附近有座农庄。农庄里住者一位上了年纪的妇人。 此句英语看似不太复杂，但体现出英语句子成分的粘着功能。汉语几乎不可能用一个句子来表达，否则意思很难说明白。细加观察，我们发现woman是名词，who lived in a farm 为修饰成分，又被near the small town修饰，town是名词，再被where I was born修饰。据此，我们得出一个英语句子的规律，凡名词或相当名词的成分，在英语句子中均可因需要而增添修饰成分，特别是句尾名词。试看下面的一段： Everybody has the skills of thinking, but few use them effectively. Effective thinking skills cannot be studied, but must be built up over a period of time. Good thinkers see possibilities where others see only dead-ends. If youre not a good thinker, start now by developing habits that make you ask yourself questions as you read. Talk to other students who you feel are good thinkers. Ask them what it is they do when they think critically or creatively. Often you can, to your surprise, pick up valuable insights to help you become a better thinker.再看一篇四级作文：It Pays to Be Honest1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象2. 诚实利人利己, 做人应该诚实Honesty, a virtue of being truthful to others, is of great importance in peoples social interactions. Actually, anyone is expected to be honest in his study, work and life. But it is not unusual to see dishonest behaviors in modern society. Take, for example, some businessmen tend to cheat the customers (who always believe what the businessmen tell them,) because they always desire to buy things of good quality with lower price. As a result, some businesses lose honesty and reputation when their customers find they are being deceived. Some people,(in order to obtain a position which may bring him with power and money,) will do whatever they can to lick the shoes of the officials. This dishonesty will in the end ruin the person himself. Some lazy students who want to pass the examinations will attempt cheating in the test. Their “success” does not mean that they have a good mastery of their subjects. After graduation, they will find it hard to get an ideal job.To be honest is beneficial to us. A person who is dishonest will surely be looked down upon by others sooner or later. If a person deceives the others, he will have trouble in dealing with other people. If a business is not honest, it will be punished by the law and becomes infamous. Surely, it will be discarded by the customers and other businesses someday. Being honest to other people will enable us to win friends who, (when in need), can offer great help. There are indications that honesty is not out of style in our society. Most people know that the development of the society requires honesty, and it is because of honesty that a man achieves success in his work and life. 经过一定练习，我们完全可以掌握好这种拓展句子的方式，增加句子的信息量，避免作文中单句太多的现象。要注意，句尾的名词最适宜这种方法。 3. 倒装句 在作文中适当运用强调句，有助于改善句子结构，突出表达的重点，使句式显得更灵活并达到一定的修辞效果。倒装有两种情况: 将主语和谓语（表语）完全颠倒过来称为完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如: Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man of great achievements. 只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前称为部分倒装 (Partial Inversion)。如: At no time did I say you couldnt come. 请仔细阅读下文，体会倒装句在作文中的效果：Sometimes I wonder if I should watch TV, with all its shows that make me wonder whether I have done physical exercise enough to keep fit, whether I am slim enough, or whether I treat my pets with the care they deserve: am I really concerned about their mental health? Not to mention the hundreds of commercial advertisements that try to make me believe I need a water purifier to remain alive since the water I am currently drinking is heavily polluted! And countless are the times when I have heard people talking by quotations learned from movies We need to watch shows and films to know what to say, how to be, how to act. So addicted are we to all this that, without TV and movies, it almost seems like we cannot think on our own.4. 分词结构 在众多中国学生英语作文的句子中，要发现各类从句不是难事。但要找到用得比较自然的分词结构却是个希罕事。虽然在综合英语课或语法课中做过大量的分词练习，可就是没想到要在作文中有意识地合理运用。而正是缺少分词结构这种有效地造句手段，不少学生的英语作文因为句子太过单调呆板，让人读来总觉得哪儿不对劲。试读下面的一篇记叙文，注意分词结构是如何运用的。如果换成从句，句子是否显得呆板、臃肿。5. 句子间适当插入连接词 连接词主要用于体现句子的逻辑关系。但有些连接词还可以改善句子结构。有些学习者读自己的作文，觉得某些句子的衔接很生硬，可又不知问题出在哪里，也不知怎样调整。而尝试着在这些句子之间适当插入几个连接词，可改变句子原来较单调的结构，并更好地体现句子的逻辑关系。例如：1. Obviously, a man with poor health cannot expect to enjoy a happy life.2. Undoubtedly, mobile phone has made it possible for people to communicate with each other conveniently at any time and any place.3. Admittedly, young people may have different attitude toward life.4. Surely, students who have a good mastery of computer knowledge will have a better chance in their future career.6. 分割式结构分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开，一部分留在句子的原来位置，另一部分远离原来位置。这种结构可使语句结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，或者更突出醒目地表达主题，使句子更通顺流畅。分割式结构在英语句子中，特别是在书面语中比较常见，是一种改善句子结构的有效手段。如果能恰当运用，往往有意想不到的效果。比较下面的句子：1. As we all know, traveling can broaden our horizon and enrich our knowledge.Traveling, as we all know, can broaden our horizon and enrich our knowledge. (分割句)2. For example, Chinese students are supposed to pass TORFL or ELTS if they intend to further their studies in English speaking countries.Chinese students, for example, are supposed to pass TORFL or ELTS if they intend to further their studies in English speaking countries. (分割句)3. Such a viewpoint which is particularly popular in the developing countries is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.Such a viewpoint, particularly popular in the developing countries, is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind. (分割句)7. 句首词语的变化 英语作文最忌一连串主语谓语宾语的句子。初习者并非不明白这一点，也不希望自己英语作文中的句子看上去竟比小学生汉语作文的造句还差。虽然也尽力想把句子改得好一点，但改得头昏脑胀还是没有多大起色。一个有效的办法是，尽量避免作文每个句子开头的词语都用名词或代词，可以试试用介词或短语，连接词，分词等，如此，整个作文的句子结构就会有所改观。注意下面的短文，特别留意每一句开头的词语。When a teacher or lecturer recommends a student to read a book its usually for a particular purpose. The book may contain useful information about the topic being studied or it may be invaluable for the ideas or views that it puts forward, and so on. In many cases, the teacher doesnt suggest that the whole book should be read. In fact, he may just refer to a few pages which have a direct bearing on the matter being discussed.Unfortunately, when many students pick up a book to read they tend to have no particular purpose in mind other than simply to read the book. Often they open the book and start reading, page by page, line by line, word by word; in other words, slowly and in great detail. The result is that students frequently dont have an overall view of what theyre reading; also, they tend to forget fairly soon what theyve been reading.第三章 段 落一、段落的基本概念 段落是作文更大的一个语言单位。相对而言，段落比词语和句子容易把握。如果说段落是框架，则词语和句子是构成框架的材料。所以，写好英语作文更重要的是词语和句子的质量。在这一前提下讨论段落才有实际意义。考试作文一般分为三段。有时也以两段或四段型式出现。如果不偏离主题，根据具体要求完成各个段落，则作文就大致完成了。正如裁缝师傅做衣服，先依照身材大小下好片料，再经巧手缝制，衣服就做好了。但片料没下好，衣服就会不合身。如果作文的段落缺少合理的组织，明确的主题以及必要的严谨性和逻辑性，就会影响整个作文。要写好段落，首先应了解段落的基本概念。究竟什么是段落，人们的说法不完全相同，但有一点是一致的，即： 短的段落则可能只有几十个词。一般来说，一篇作文中开头和结尾段相对要短一点。这是因为其不同的作用而形成的。如： It is a good idea for teenagers to have jobs while they are studying at school. By doing part time jobs, they can not only learn about responsibility; but also the value of money. Moreover, they can learn how to work as a member of a team. 四级作文段落的平均长度为50字左右，一般应有56个完整的句子。太短则论述不充分，太长则时间不允许，也容易偏