Unit 1 Intercultural Communicationppt课件.ppt

InterculturalCommunication TheoryandPractice 跨文化交际教程 1 InterculturalCommunication Requirementsofthiscourse Previewing Previewthetextbeforecomingtoclass Presence Presenceinclassisamust Role callingwillbedonefromtimetotime 1 3ofabsencemeansautomaticallyfailureinthiscourse Practice PracticecommunicatingwithEnglish speakingpeoplewheneverthechancecomesandwritedownyourexperienceofinterculturalcommunicationandhandinashomework 1 Discussion Oraldiscussionwillbeconductedinclassandwrittendiscussionwillberequiredoutofclass Handinthewrittendiscussionintime 2 2 Unit1CommunicationandCulture Whydoweneedtotakethiscourse Studyingasecondlanguagewithoutlearningthecultureislikelearninghowtodriveacarbystudyingadriver smanualandnevergettingbehindasteeringwheel 3 WhyLearnCross CulturalCommunication Theworldismovingclosertobeingmoreglobal Peoplefromdiverseculturesarecomingintocontactwithoneanother Wefacethechallengeofcommunicatingeffectivelywithpeoplewhohaveculturallybasedvalues whichemphasizetheircommunicationpreferences Advancesincross culturalcommunicationresearchareveryimportantnotonlytohelppeopleofdifferentculturesfeelcomfortablewitheachotherbutalsotoavoidmisunderstandingsthatmayresultinnegativestereotypesorprematurejudgmentsof theother speakerregardlessofnationalityorculture 4 1 Cross CulturalAwareness Whatiscross culturalawareness Cross culturalawarenessistheabilitytounderstandcultures yourownandothers bymeansofobjective non judgmentalcomparisons Itisanappreciationfor anunderstandingof culturalpluralism theabilitytogetridofourethnocentrictendenciesandtoacceptanothercultureonitsownterms Manycross culturalinteractionsgosourduetoalackofsuchanawareness 5 Whydowestudyaforeignlanguage Westudyaforeignlanguageinordertocommunicatewithpeoplewhohavelearnedtheirnativelanguagenotinaclassroom butinnatural everydayinteractionswithpeopleandsituationsintheirculture 6 2 Communication Howdoyouunderstandthissentence Ithasbeensaidthatwithoutaculturewecannotsee butwithacultureweareforeverblind 有人说 没有一种文化我们什么也看不清 但是有了一种文化我们永远是瞎子 Eachofusisbornintoaculturethatteachesusanumberofsharedmeaningsandexpectations Weusuallylearnourownculture swaysofdoing speaking andthinkingsowellthatitbecomesdifficulttothink feel speak andactaspeopleinotherculturesdo 7 Wheredothemeaningsofwordscomefrom Themeaningsofwordsareverymuchinfluencedbyculture Meaningisintheperson notintheword andeachpersonistheproductofaparticularculturethatpassedonsharedandappropriatemeanings Thus ifwewanttolearntocommunicatewellinaforeignlanguage wemustunderstandtheculturethatgivesthatlanguagemeaning 8 Whydowelearnaculturewhenlearningtocommunicate Cultureandcommunicationareinseparablylinked Culturegivesmeaningandprovidesthecontextforcommunication andtheabilitytocommunicateallowsustoactoutourculturalvaluesandtoshareourlanguageandourculture 9 Whatis ethnocentrism Usingourowncultureasthestandardbywhichtojudgeotherculturesiscalledethnocentrism Althoughunintentional ourethnocentricwaysofthinkingandactingoftengetinthewayofourunderstandingotherlanguagesandcultures 10 CulturalShocks Ourowncultureseemsverynaturaltous Wefeelinourheartsthatthewaythatwedothingsistheonlyrightwaytodothem Otherpeople scultureoftenmakesuslaughorfeeldisgustedorshocked Wemaylaughatclothingthatseemsridiculoustous Manypeoplethinkthateatingoctopusorajuicyredpieceofroastbeefisdisgusting Theideathatamancanhavemorethanonewifeorthatbrothersandsisterscanmarryeachothermayshockpeoplewithothercultures 11 ExamplesofDifferentCulturesRegardingBeauty Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother TheFlatheadIndianofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsofbabiesbetweenboardssotheywouldhavelongslopingforeheads IntheFlatheadculture longslopingforeheadswerebeautiful Otherculturesmightthinkthattheyarestrange lookingandunattractive Manypeoplecutscarsintotheirbodiesortattoothemselvessothatothersintheirculturewillthinktheyarebeautiful Objectsareinsertedinholesinthenose lips andearsinanumberofdifferentculturesinmanytwentieth centurysocieties rouge lipstick eyeshadow perfume andhairsprayareallusedtoincreaseattractiveness 12 ExamplesofDifferentCulturesRegardingDeath Whenpeopledie differentculturesdisposeoftheirbodiesindifferentways Sometimesbodiesareburiedintheground Inmanyculturesinthepast peoplewereburiedwithfood weapons jewelry andotherthingsthatmightbeusefulinthenextlife Forexample theancientEgyptiansburiedpeoplewithlittlehumanfiguresmadefromclay Thisclayfiguresweresupposedtoworkthedeathpersonintheotherworld Areligiousgroupcalledtheparsesexposedtheirdeadonplatformsforbirdstoeat Somepeoplepracticeasecondburial Afterthebodieshavebeenintheearthforseveralyears thebonesaredugupandreburied sometimesinasmallcontainer Thedifferentwaysthatarethecustomsofdifferentculturesareneitherrightnorwrong Itissimplythatdifferentpeopledothesamethingsindifferentways 13 CulturesAreAcquired Ashumans welearnsomeofthewaysofourculturebybeingtaughtbyourteachersorparents Welearnmoreofthewaysofourculturebygrowingupinit Weseehowotherpeopleinourculturedothings andwedothemthesameway Weevenlearnhowtothinkandfeelinthisway Allhumanbeingshavecertainbasicneeds suchaseating drinking keepingwarmanddry andsoon However thewayinwhichtheytakecareoftheirneedsdependsonthecultureinwhichtheygrowup Allcultureshavewaysofeating dressing findingshelter marrying anddealingwithdeath Thefoodsthatwethinkaregoodtoeat thekindofclotheswewear andhowmanypeoplewecanmarryatonetimeareallpartsofourculture 14 Isoneculturesuperiortoanother No Eachculturehasdevelopedasetofpatternsthatarerightandappropriateforthatculture Ifpeopledothingsdifferentlyinanotherculture theyarenot wrong theyarejustdifferent 15 Whatisinterculturalcommunication Interculturalcommunicationoccurswheneverapersonfromoneculturedoessomethingthatisgivenmeaningbyapersonfromanotherculture 16 Whataretheproblemsincommunicatingacrosscultures Communicatingacrossculturesismadedifficultbyeachperson sethnocentrictendenciestoperceiveobjects events andbehaviorthroughlensesdesignedintheperson sownculture 17 Howtomakeasuccessfulinterculturalcommunicator Anhonestdesiretocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultures coupledwith 外加 加上 anattempttounderstandculturaldifferences willgoalongwayinhelpingyoubecomeasuccessfulinterculturalcommunicator 18 Whatdoescommunicationinanewculturemean Thecomplicatedprocessofcommunicationinanewculture Itmeanslearningwhattosay words phrases meaning structure whotocommunicatewith theroleandstatusoftheperson whoyouare howyouperceiveyourself howyoucommunicatethemessage emotionalcomponents nonverbalcues intonation whyyoucommunicateinagivensituation intentions values assumptions whentocommunicate time andwhereyoucanorshouldcommunicate Peoplewithcommunicativecompetenceshouldknowwhen whereandwhattospeaktowhomandhow 19 3 WhatisCulture Culture一词来自拉丁语colore 意为 耕耘 因为文化修养和种庄稼一样 必须经过辛勤的耕耘 才能获得丰硕的果实 Whatdoes amanofculture meaninordinaryspeech Inordinaryspeechamanofcultureisamanwhocanspeaklanguagesotherthanhisown whoisfamiliarwithhistory literature philosophy orthefinearts Buttotheanthropologist tobehumanistobecultured 20 Whatdoesculturemeaninanthropologyandlinguistics 1 Culture inanthropologymeansthetotallifewayofapeople 一个民族的全部生活方式 thesociallegacytheindividualacquiresfromhisgroup Thereare therefore specificculturessuchasChinese American Russian British Hottentot Inca 2 Culturecanberegardedasthatpartoftheenvironmentthatisthecreationofman Cultureingeneral Thegeneralabstractnotionservestoremindusthatwecannotexplainactssolelyintermsofthebiologicalpropertiesofthepeopleconcerned theirindividualpastexperience andtheimmediatesituation Thepastexperienceofothermenintheformofcultureentersintoalmosteveryevent Eachspecificcultureconstitutesakindofblueprintforalloflife sactivities 21 Chinesetranslation 文化的这一抽象概念提醒我们不能仅从相关人的生物学特性 他们个人的过去经历以及最近的情形方面来解释人的行为 其他人的过去经历也以文化形式融入几乎每件事情当中 每种特定文化都是一幅描绘所有生活习性蓝图 22 3 Cultureisthatwhichbindsmentogether Somepathswefollowwillingly otherswefollowbecauseweknownootherway stillotherswedeviatefromorgobacktomostunwillingly Mothersofsmallchildrenknowhowunnaturallymostofthiscomestous howlittleregardwehave untilweare culturalized forthe proper place time andmannerforcertainactssuchaseating excreting sleeping gettingdirty andmakingloudnoises Butbymoreorlessadheringtoasystemofrelateddesignsforcarryingoutalltheactsofliving agroupofmenandwomenfeelthemselveslinkedtogetherbyapowerfulchainofsentiments 23 Chineseversion 有些路我们是情愿走的 有些路我们走是因为我们不知道其它路 也有一些路我们背离或极不情愿地返回来走 小孩子的妈妈都知道许多事情我们接受起来 发生在我们身上 是多么不自然 我们是多么的轻视 直到我们被 教化 受到文化的熏陶 过来 了解做某些事情如吃饭 排泄 睡觉 弄脏和叫喊等的 适当 地点 时间和方式 但是人们通过不同程度地遵循一种相关设计体系 文化 完成所有生活行为 他们感到自己被一个强大的情感链连在一起 24 Culture aninterdependentsystem 4 Acultureisaninterdependentsystembaseduponlinkedpremisesandcategorieswhoseinfluenceisgreater ratherthanless becausetheyareseldomputinwords 一种文化是一个建立在相互关联的前提和范畴基础上的相互依赖体系 这里的前提和范畴影响较大 而不是较小 因为很少用语言将它们表述出来 Humanlifeisdrivenforwardbyitsdimapprehensionofnotionstoogeneralforitsexistinglanguage 人类生活就是通过对种种概念的模糊理解而推向前进的 这些概念太笼统 现有语言难于描绘 25 Whatdoesculturedo Cultureregulatesourlivesateveryturn 文化时时规范着我们的生活 5 Acultureisadistinctivewayoflifethatishandeddownasthesocialheritageofapeople a Itsuppliesasetofskillsformakingalivingandasetofblueprintsforhumanrelations b Itmakesitsownassumptionsabouttheendsandpurposesofhumanexistence aboutwhathumanbeingshavearighttoexpectfromeachotherandthegods aboutwhatconstitutesfulfillmentorfrustration Assumptions 假定 设想 Somearemadeexplicitintheloreofthefolk othersaretacitpremiseswhichtheobservermustinferbyfindingconsistenttrendsinwordanddeed 26 WordsandExpressions 1 developingcross culturalawareness 培养跨文化交际意识2