动名词用法.doc

动名词 特 征 动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加“-ing”构成，与现在分词同形。动名词兼有动词和名词的特征和作用，其动词特征表现为可以带宾语、状语或表语。The manager impressed on his office staff the importance of keeping accurate records(带宾语)Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer(带状语) Censure is the tax a man pays to the public for being eminent责难是一个人因为出名而向公众交的税。(带表语) 此外，动名词的动词特征还表现在它的语态和时态变化上。例如：There is more pleasure in loving than in being loved (一般被动式)I know nothing about his having served in the army (完成式)成 分(一) 作主语1) 动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验 Talking mends no holes Promising is the eve of giving Talking to him is talking to a wall 2)有时先用it作形式主语。把-ing形式置于句尾 it is no use/good/useless/ a waste of/fun/pleasure doing sth it is no use complaining Its nice seeing you again lt is fun playing with children 3) “There is+ no 后可以用动名词作主语, 表示“没法” There was no telling when this might happen again There is no hiding of evil but to do it 比较：There is no sense/point/use (in) doing sth(二) 作表语 动名词作表语也表示一种概念、习惯或经验。 Seeing is believing眼见为实。 My job is teaching senior students English.(三) 做定语 表示所修饰名词的用途。这时，可以改写成由for作定语的短语。 a new swimming suit（=suit for swimming）.a walking stick a swimming pool游泳池 a walking stick拐杖 a reading room a bathing cap a changing room更衣室 a waiting room等候室，候诊室 a watering can喷壶 a guessing game猜字游戏 an ironing board a collecting tin募捐盒 a hiding place藏身处 a racing bicycle赛车 (四) 作宾语 常跟动名词作宾语的动词或短语有admit承认 advise建议 allow允许 avoid避免 cannot help禁不住 cant stand经受不住consider考虑delay推迟 enjoy喜欢 finish完成 give up放弃 imagine想象 include包括 keep保持 keep on持续 ：mind介意 miss错过put off推迟permit允许 practise练习 resist抵抗 suggest建议 Avoid overeating I advised taking a different approach 2) 许多短语动词也可以用动名词作宾语 She kept on working although she was tired 在(be)worth后也可跟动名词作宾语： New York is a city worth visiting 3) 有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。有时两者意思不同, 这类动词有： forget, remember , forget, mean, try, go on I11 never forget hearing Chaliapin singing in that opera He forgets to pay me I couldnt help feeling jealous when he was promoted over my head4) 有时两种结构只有细微的差别，例如在like，love, prefer，hate，dread等动词之后，动名词多表示一般情况。不定式多表示即将发生的事, 它们如果用在would后面，只能接不定式形式I prefer walking alone We preferred to walk there我们宁愿步行到那里。He hated thinkingto think about it .She loves havingto have lots of young men round herId like to have a word with you (五)作介词的宾语 高中阶段常见带介词的to短语归纳be/get/become used to 习惯于 be given to 喜欢；癖好 be related to 与有关系 be addicted to 沉溺于；对上瘾 be opposed to 反对 devote oneself to献身于；专心于be devoted to 致力于；忠诚于 be admitted to 被录取；准进入 be reduced to 沦为reduceto使沦为 be attached to附属于；喜欢；依恋 be adjusted to 适应be known to 为所知 be married to 和结婚 be sentenced to被判处be connected to 和连在一起 be exposed to 暴露于；遭受 be compared to 被比喻成 compare to把比作 be/become/ get accustomed to/accustomed to 惯于；有习惯be engaged to 与订婚 get down to 着手做 lead to 导致 object to反对；不喜欢；不赞成 put ones mind to全神贯注于 give rise to 引起look forward to 盼望 pay attention to 注意 stick to 坚持attend to 专心；注意；照料； see to 负责；注意 contribute to对作贡献；有助于make contributions to对作贡献 apply oneself to 致力于 come close to几乎；将近reply to 回答 add to 增加 add up to 加起来 in addition to除之外 turn to转向；求助于 feel up to 能胜任于 look up to 尊敬 admit to承认belong to 属于 take to 喜爱；开始 cling to 附着 fall to 开始respond to 回答；对作出回应 accustom oneself to 使自己习惯于 amount to等于set an example to 给树立榜样 refer to 谈到；参考；查阅 agree to sth. 同意某事 （比较：agree to do sth. 同意做某事） prefer to更喜欢take/make a trip to到地方去 jointo把和 连接起来turn a blind eye to对视而不见turn a deaf ear to 对充耳不闻 show honour to向表示敬意 put an end to(bring to an end) 结束 drink (a toast) to 为干杯 propose a toast to 提议 set fire to 放火烧 occur to sb. 想起；想到 total up to 总计达 be close to 几乎；将近 hold to 坚持；抓住 help oneself to 随便用 hold on to 抓住；固守 do harm to 对有害处do wrong to 冤枉某人 date back to 追溯到 come to 来到；达到；结果为 (比较：come to do sth逐渐做某事) when it comes to 谈到时 give an eye to着眼于have an eye to doing 打算 describe to 向描述 treat sb. to sth. 请某人吃 trust sth. to sb.把某物委托给某人 pay a visit to 参观 the key to 的答案 access to 进入；取得的方法on ones way to 在去某处的路上；在达成某事的过程中be a stranger to 不习惯；对陌生 be kind to 对和善 be important to 对重要 be senior to 年龄长于 be junior to年龄小于 be equal to 和相等 be particular to 所特有的 （比较：be particular about 对过于讲究；挑剔） be subject to 服从；隶属；易遭受患 be familiar to 为 熟悉 be similar to 和相似 be open to 对开放 be loyal to 对忠诚 be helpful to对有益处 be useful to对有用 be good to sb对某人好 （比较：be good for 对有益处） be bad to 对不好 be bad for（比较：对有害处）be new to 对不习惯；对陌生 next to（否定词前）几乎；next to 的旁边due to 由于；归因于 be due to do sth.预定要做某事 owing to 由于；因的缘故 thanks to 多亏了；由于 as to 关于；至于 in/with regard to 关于in/with relation to 关于；就而论 according to 根据 subject to 在条件下；依照专项练习：1. The engine of the plane was out of order and the thunderstorm _ the helplessness of the pilot in the sky. A. added to B. made up C. led to D. took over2. -What a large and bright room！Is it a classroom? -No. It _ the students readingroom. A. refers to B. stands for C. is meant for D. makes up of3. It was foolish of him to _ his notes during that important test, and as a result, he got punished. A. stick to B. refer to C. keep to D. point to4. Eating too much fat can _ heart disease and cause high blood pressure. A. result from B. devote to C. attend to D. contribute to 动名词的复合结构 动名词的逻辑主语多用一个物主代词或名词所有格表示。带有逻辑主语的动名词形式称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。1)名词所有格形式 其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句。 Johns having seen her did not make her worried Her coming to help encouraged all of us 2)普通格形式逻辑主语是有生命的名词时，用名词或代词所有格，作主语时，其逻辑主语只用所有格，若作宾语，逻辑主语也可用普通格)。 Marys being made her mother upset Would you mind my （me） using your telescope? 逻辑主语是无生命的名词或抽象概念名词时，只用普通格。 He is in the belief of money being everything 逻辑主语是以s结尾的名词或是以一个以上名词构成的词组，只用普通格。 Im astonished at Mary and Henry getting married逻辑主语是数词、指示代词或不定代词this，that，somebody，someone, nobody，none，anybody，anyone时，一般用普通格。 This cannot be said without someone getting angry 注意：现在分词作宾语补足语时，其逻辑主语只能用物主代词或名词(即普通格)，不能用其所有格 I dislike his coming without a ring in advance我讨厌他不打个电话就来动名词的逻辑主语用作介词with的宾语时，应该用普通格。例如： It was a cosy room with a fan spinning overhead 这是一间舒适的房间，风扇在上空旋转着。 1)许多合成词由“动名词+名词”构成 在这个合成词中，动名词表示一种特殊的目的。 a swimming pool游泳池 a walking stick拐杖 a reading room阅览室 a bathing cap浴帽 a changing room更衣室 a waiting room等候室，候诊室 a watering can喷壶 a guessing game猜字游戏 an ironing board熨衣板 a collecting tin募捐盒 a hiding place藏身处 a racing bicycle赛车 2)还有一类合成词由“形容词(名词)+动名词”构成 deep-ploughing深耕 close-planting密植 physical training体育(锻炼) job-hunting找工作 weightlifting举重(运动) sightseeing观光 window-shopping浏览商店橱窗tap dancing踢踏舞 有些动名词已成为名词，有些为不可数名词： boating划船 bowling打保龄球 yachting乘坐游艇 surfing冲浪dancing跳舞 mountaineering登山有些为可数名词： painting画 sa)ring俗话 warning警告 meaning意思 ending结局 feeling感觉有些甚至经常以复数形式出现： findings调查结果 savings积蓄 surroundings环境 sufferings苦难 earnings挣的钱 belongings财物动名词的形式(一)动名词的形式及意义 动名词的时态意义 Doing -having done 与动词不定式一样，动名词也没有独立的绝对的时态意义，它的时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生，或表示一般情况；动名词完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit早睡早起是好习惯。 Doctors advise giving up smoking医生建议戒烟。 l dont remember ever meeting you somewhere Thank you for having given us so much help yesterday (二)动名词的被动形式 being done- having been done He hates being interrupted l appreciate being given this opportunity I object to being treated like this She openly talked of having been let down谈到被人涮了。 (三)动名词有时需要完成形式，可作动词的宾语或介词的宾语 He denied having been there他否认到过那里。 He reported having met only a cyclist他报告说只碰到一个骑车的人。 He accused me of having broken my word他指责我不守信用。 动名词和不定式在用法方面的一些比较1)可以接动词不定式或动名词的动词或短语动词 常见的有：love，like，hate，prefer，dislike，intend，attempt，propose，want need，remember，forget，regret，neglect，try，deserve，omit，dread，decline， scorn，delay，loathe，cant bear，cant endure等。某些这类词的两种接续在意义上几乎没有区别。2)动名词和动词不定式在表示动作和时间等方面的差别 一般来说，动名词表示一般习惯，抽象概念，泛指已成为过去的动作，时间概念不 强，不是某一次动作。而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的或特定的动 作，或是现在或将来的动作。 I like going ballooning(泛指) 我喜欢乘气球。 They like to go ballooning at weekends(特指) 他们周末喜欢乘气球玩。 I prefer to keep clear of town during the rush-hour (特指)我不愿意在交通拥挤的时间去市区。 I prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold(泛指)天冷时我喜欢呆在屋内。3) 在begin, start，continue，cease等词后用动名词还是用动词不定式 在动词begin，start，continue，cease，intend，bother，omit等后面跟动名词或是动词不定式，含义并无大的差别；但如果表示有意识地“开始或停止做某事”，多用动名词，而不定式则表示情况发生变化。 The days start to lengthen in March三月份白昼开始变长。 We need to start discussing practicalities我们需要着手讨论实际问题。 Lets begin doing the job from now on我们从现在开始来做这项工作吧。4)动词不定式和动名词的逻辑主语 动词不定式的逻辑主语常是句子主语或句中的某个词；而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句子中的某个词，也可能是泛指一般人，在句子里是找不到的。 I hate to go there alone我不愿自己一个人去那里。(自己去) I hate splitting in the streets我不喜欢随地吐痰。(可以指自己，也可能指别人)5)有些动词或短语后面跟动词不定式和跟动名词所表示的意义完全不同，有时甚至相反 这类动词如stop，quit，leave off，remember，forget，regret，try，want，cant help，mean，cease，scorn， deserve，learn，go on，chance等。 I try to set aside a few minutes each day to do some exercises6)动名词和动词不定式作逻辑宾语 动名词和动词不定式可以作逻辑宾语，用it充当形式宾语。不定式作逻辑宾语极为晋遍。例如：I find it difficult to finish the job before 5我觉得五点之前完成工作有点困难。She considers it impossible to master a foreign language in a month但动名词作逻辑宾语只限于少数句型，一般用在useless，worthwhile, senseless，fun, no use no good, any good，a waste of time等后。其中，worthwhile后用动名词或不定式作逻辑宾语均可。He found it no good saying that again and againShe thinks worthwhile helping those in need、She thinks it worthwhile to help in need 高中非谓语动词易错题型练习1 (1) I regret _ you that your mother is absent in Beijing. I dont regret _ her what I thought even if it might have upset her. A. to tell B. to telling C. having told D. tell 2. We dont allow _ in the reading room. We dont allow them _ in the reading room. A. to smoke B. smoking C. smoke D. smoked 3.(1)_hard and youll make rapid progress in your English learning. _hard, youll make rapid progress in your English learning. A. Working B. To work C. Work D. Worked 4. _ , we went for a swim in the river. _, so we went for a swim in the river. A. Being hot B. It being hot C. As it hot D. It was hot 5.I cant help _ when I hear that terrible noise. A. laughing B. laughed C. laugh D. being laughed (2)I cant help _ the room, for I am very busy now. A. clean B. cleaning C. have clean D. cleaned 6._from the tower, Dalian looks more beautiful. _ from the tower, we can see our beautiful city . A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D. Having seen 7. The sport meet _ next week is of great importance. The sports meet _ now is very important The sports meet _ last week is of great importance. A. holding B. being held C. to be held D. held 8.He raised his voice in order to make us _ him. He raised his voice in order to make himself _. A. heard B. hearing C. hear D. to be heard 9.(1)He stood there with his eyes _ his mother (2)He stood there, _his mother A. staring at B. stared on C. fixing upon D. fixed upon 10.Most of us went to see her, _ some girls. Most of us went to see her, some girls _. A. include B. including C. included D. to include 11.He was surprised to see some villagers _ there. To his surprise, he saw some villagers _ themselves. A. seat B. seated C. seating D. to seat 12.The man _ Zhaosan used to live here. The man _ himself Zhaosan used to lived here. A. called B. calling C. to call D. call 13.He had no choice but _ at the bus-stop in the rain. He had nothing to do but _ at the bus-stop in the rain. A. to wait B. waiting C. wait D. should wait.14.(1) Im not free this evening because I have a lot of things _. (2) He was so lazy that he had all of his washing _. A. to do B. to be done C. doing D. done 15.(1)He often see them _ football on the playground. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. played C. play D. to play 16.(1) We are considering _up a new factory here in this town (2) We are considering how_ up a new factory here in this town (3) The boy is considered _a good example to his classmates A. setting B. to set C. to have set D. having set 17.(1) Mr Li is said _ abroad? but I dont know which country he studied in (2) Mr Li is said _ abroad? but I dont know which country he is studying in(3) Mr Li is said _ abroad? but I dont know which country he will study in.A. to study B. to have studied C. to be studying D. having studied 18. (1)I insist that you _ me my money back (2)I insisted on your _me my money back A. give B. to give C. giving D. would give (3)The old man insisted that I _ his wallet A. has taken B. took C. should take D. had taken 19. (1)I dont enjoy _ fun of others. (2)I dont enjoy _ fun of by others. A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made 20.(1)If time _, Ill go to see my friends tomorrow. (2)Time _, Ill go to see my friends tomorrow. A. permitted B. permits C. permitting D. permit 21.(1)He had no choice but _ aloud the text in the classroom. (2)He did nothing but _ aloud the text in the classroom. A. reading B. to read C. read D. to be reading 22.