自然拼读法基本规则.doc

自然拼读法基本规则:1. 二十六个字母的读音 (Letter Sounds).l 五个元音字母(a, e, i, o, u), 每个发两种音：长音（其字母音）和短音l y不在单词开头时，一般被看做元音 2. 单元音单词拼读 (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant Combinations)如果一个英语单词或音节里只有一个元音, 且元音不在末尾，这个元音一般发短音.如：Sam, cat, mat, 等等 l Beginning Consonantsl Ending Consonants l One Vowel Word, Short Vowel Sounds3. 双元音单词拼读(Two Vowel Words):一个单词或音节里有两个元音时，一般来说，前边一个元音发长音（其字母音），后边一个元音不发音如：make, mail, may, hay, say, see, sea, meet, meat, key, five, nine, tie, road, coat, toe, cute等等4. 双/三辅音在一起时的联读 (Consonant Blends)l Beginning consonant blends (bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, fr, pl, pr, sc, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sw, tr, tw, scr, spl, str)l Ending consonant blends (ft, lf, lm, lp, lt, mp, nd, nk, nt, pt, sk, st)l Words ending in ll, ss, ff l Consonant digraphs (ch, th, sh, wh) 5. 特殊读法(1) 带元音的特殊读法(Irregular Vowels)igh, ing, ind, ild, ar, or, oi, oy, alt, alk, ost, old, er, ir, ur, ew, sion, tion, eigh, all, ow, ow, ou, ay, ous, ed, ed (t), ed (d), aw, au, oo, oo以上字母组合作为整体音节发音。需记住它们所发的音。Examples:l ar (car, far), air (hair), are (hare), au, augh (caught), aw (hawk)al, all (all, tall, mall, hall), alk (talk, walk), alt (halt, salt), ay (may, play)l ew (new, few), eigh (eight, weight), ed: usays /ed/: patted, landed, liftedusays /t/: walked, hopped, stoppedusays /d/: cried, played, chewed l er (sister, brother), ir (girl, fir, firm), ur (burn, hurt)l ie (field), ing(king, sing, dancing), ind (find, kind, behind), ild (mild, wild, child), igh (high, night, light), irel oi (oil, boil), oy (boy, toy), old (old, cold), ost (most, host), olt, oo (book), oo (tool, school), or (or, for, horn), ow (读音一：cow, now, how, bow；读音二：bow, low, blow, snow), ou (shout, out, loud)ould (could, would), ough (五种不同的读音：cough, through, ought, slough, plough), ought, , ous (famous, nervous), l ue (cruel), ui (fluid)l tion(attention, fiction), sion (passion, expression), l ending sounds : ang, ong, ung, edge, le6. 特殊读法(2)l 如果一个单词或音节里只有一个元音,而且元音在末尾，这个元音一般发长音（其字母音） (Vowel at the end)如：me, hi, go, baby, table, humor，hibernate 等等。l Y在末尾 (作为元音处理）（y at the end）：u 单音节词, 没有其他元音，y发”I”(one syllable word, y at the end (pronounced as “I”): my, why, fly, skyu 多音节词, y发”E” 的音(two or more syllables, y at the end (pronounced as “E”): daddy, mommy, baby，honey, crazy7. 特殊读法(3) - 固定读音的单词 (Sight Word): is, are, the, a, to, here, hey, have, son, love, come, give, field 等.它们不遵守前边的发音规则，需要死记硬背。8. 特殊读法(4) 辅音的特殊读法l 有一些辅音不发音 (silent consonants)u Silent b: comb, lambu Silent h: ghostu Silent k: knife, knock, knob, knowu Silent w: write, wrist, wreck l c和 k 在一起时，发一个音: quick, black等.l q总是和u在一起：quite, quick, quit, quilt等.之所以指出这一点, 是在这里u不能再被认为是元音, 而是和q一起组成一个辅音组合. 于是, 在quite这个单词里只有两个元音, 是双元音单词, 第一个元音i发字母音,第二个元音e不发音.l p和 h在一起, 发/f/的音:phone, photo.l 复数s及末尾s的读音(Plural s and the sounds of ending s)l c和g 的两种读音:u 如果i(或y)或者 e跟在c或者g的后边, c发/s/, g发/j/的音:center, cigar, nice, mice, gem, giant, gym, page.u 其他情况下, c发/k/, g发/g/: can, clap, cup, great, glad, got, goat, log.u 特殊情况： get, give9. 多音节单词和复合词 (Words with multiple syllables and compound words)l 多音节单词: believe, multiple, syllable, compound l 复合词: homework, highway, sidewalk, inside, outside自然发音二十八条拼读规则1 字母q总是与u在一起，读做/kw/, 此处u不作元音. 2 字母c在字母e, y, i前读做/s/ (cent, city, cycle), 其他字母前读做/k/(cut, cap, cop). 3 字母e, i, y之前的字母g可以读做/j/(page, giant, gym), 其中字母e, i之前的g也可以不读做/j/(get, girl, give); 其它字母之前的g读做/g/(gate, go, gust). 4 元音a, e, o, u在音节结尾(开音节)一般读做字母音(长音a, e, o, u), 有助于学生正确划分并拼读元音字母+辅音字母+元音字母的不熟悉单词(re portrather than rep ort). 5 字母i和y经常读做/i/(big, gym), 但是也可读做I(silent, my, type).6 一个英语单词用字母y而不是i的结尾(my, by). 7 有五种情况末尾的字母e不发音.(如me, she, 和 he的短单词末尾的字母e读做e, 较长的单词末尾的e不发音) 尾字母e不发音应该被认为是”having a job” (承担一项工作) 7.1 bake gene time/type code cute 使他前面的元音字母发字母音. 7.2 love give blue true 使我们不要以一个v和一个u结束一个单词. 7.3 chance bodice charge allege 使g和c读软音/j/和/s/. 7.4 lit tle cas tle bot tle dab ble fid dle 避免一个音节没有一个元音字母. 7.5 are nurse raise bye ewe owe cause 这一条被Spalding女士叫做无工作尾字母e; Sanseri女士叫做老工作尾字母e, 并说前四条之外的不发音尾字母e都叫做老工作尾字母e. 7.5.1 使一个不是复数形式的单词不要以s结尾(dense而不是dens, purse不是purs, false 不是 fals). 7.5.2 加长短的主意词(main-idea),如awe, ewe, rye 7.5.3 区分同音异形词的含义. 如or/ore for/fore. 7.5.4 中英语和外来语中(那里的尾字母e是要发音的)留下来的, 现在不发音. 如treatise giraffe 8.有五种字母组合发/er/的音/, 记住下面的句子. Her nurse first works early. 这个句子是按英语用法中的降序排列的. 另外,or在w后业可以发/er/的音. 还要记住有些词尾的ar和or也发/er/的音.如dollar, doctor. 9. 1-1-1规则: 单音节单词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化.(如hop-hop ped). 但是词尾是x除外, 因为它由两个音/ks/. 10. 2-1-1规则: 双音节词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化(be gin- be gin + ning). 第二个音节不重读的不能双写末尾辅音字母(en ter, prof it, bud get). 11. 去e规则, 以不发音的e结尾的单词在添加以元音开始的词尾变化是需要去掉末尾不发音的e.(come-coming)12. 是ie还是ei? 一般情况下, 应该是ie, 但是1) c之后用ei; 2)发字母a的音时, 用ei(neighbor, weigh, vein). 还有下面的例外情形Neither foreign sovereign seized counterfeit forfeited leisure. Plus: either weird protein heifer: 13. 音素sh用在一个基本词的开头或是结尾(she, dish), 还用在一个音节的结尾(fin ish), 但绝对不会在后一个音节的开头, 除非是以ship结尾(wor ship, friend ship). 14. 音素si, ti, ci最常用在一个基本词的第二及以后的开头, 发音/sh/. 常常可以通过考察词根和根词来确定发/sh/时用什么样的音素.比如 infect to in fec tious / collect to col lec tion / potent to po ten tial music to mu si cian / space to spa cious / finance to fi nan cial soci (companion) to so cial / ancien (old) to an cient cruc (cross) to cru cial / speci (kind) to spe cial 15. 音素si在前一个音节以s结尾时(ses sion)发/sh/, 一个基本词经过词尾变化后只有一个s(tense-tension), 其中的音素si发/sh/. discuss to dis cus sion / compress to com pres sion / admis to ad mis sion 16. 音素si可以发/zh/, 如vi sion, di vi sion, oc ca sion, ex plo sion. 17. 只有一个元音的单音节词,常常双写词尾的l, s, f. 比如will, off, miss. 有时双音节词也用到这条规则, 如re cess 18. 词尾为长音a时, 常用ay在词尾而不是a. (bay, day, decay) 19. 元音i和o后面有两个辅音时,常发长音. (find, old) 20. s从不在x后, 音素x包含一个/s/音, /ks/. 21. 去L规则1: all单独出现有两个l, 但在前缀中只有一个l.(al most, al so, al though). 22. 去L规则2: till和full单独出现有两个l, 作后缀只有一个l. (un til, plen ti ful). 23. 音素dge只用在单元音后面,而且这个元音发短音(badge, edge, bridge, lodge, budge). 24. Y变I规则: 进行词尾变化时, 词尾是一个辅音字母+y, 要变y为i. 下列两种情况驻外(1)加-ing, (2)变后会引起音节分裂. city/cit ies beauty/beau ti ful play/player funny/fun ni est multiply/mul ti ply ing rely/re li able cry/cried deny/denied 25. 音素ck只用在单元音后, 而且这个元音发短音(back, neck, lick, rock, duck). 26. 字母开头的z永远发/z/, 不会发/s/. 27. 音素ed有三个音, 基本词以/t/和/d/音结尾, ed发/ed/(divide-divided, heat-heated); 基本词以浊辅音结尾的, ed发/d/( lived), 以清辅音结尾的发/t/(stopped) 28. 单词常常(always)在双辅音间分音节但要注意不要把辅音字母组合分开(如ma the ma tic), 重读音节的辅音才发音, 非重读音节的辅音不发音lit tle. 自然拼音拼读练习表第一天：a e i o u a_e e_e i_e o_e u_eAa : mat map bag cat hat fan bat appleEe:egg well red pen net hen bed bellIi: lick six bib pig pin kiss ink hillOo:ox on octopus box sock operate ostrichUu:sun umbrella cup bus nut gun uncle undercape name tape lake game make take hatethese Japanese Chinese bite five nine kite mine nice ride side rose nose rope note pose home rode those tube cube June cute huge 第二天:ai ay ee ea ey ie igh oa ow ui ueai: tail rain paint pain jail rail nail maid ay:bay ray way say hay pay May lay ee:reeds eel bee peel jeep feet see teethea:sea meat peanut eagle peach tea leaf peaey:donkey monkey jockey turkey monkey hockey key trolley ie:tie pie lie dieigh:right sight night tight hight fight high sighoa:road toast toad coal goat boat coat soapow:rainbow pillow yellow window bowl row hollow lowui:suit juice fruit ue:Sue blue glue true 第三天:ar er ir ur or ar: arm car armchair card cart farm park gardener:sister brother under rooster winter mermaid marker motherir:birthday circus dirty bird circle dirt girlur:turtle surfing turkey fur hurt purse nurseor:porch pork horse horn fort morning corn fork 第四天:ou ow oi oy au aw oo oo eaou:house out mouth count fountain mountain shout mouse ow:cow towel clown owl crown brown flower toweroi:coin oil point noise boil soil poison coiloy:oyster boy cowboy soy toyau:august sause sausage naughty autumn applauseaw:paw draw saw straw strawberry lawnoo:moon zoo roof rooster boots food spoon room cool fool boom foolishoo:book cook good foot look hook ea:head sweater sweat pear lead bear leather feather 第五天:ch sh wh ph th th kn wr mbch:beach lunch cheese bench church chicken chair cherrysh:sheep shirt ship fish dish push shoes shovelwh:whale white wheel wheat whip whistle wheelchair whisperph:photo elephant telephone trophy pharmacy alphabetth:brother feather leather father motherth:thumb three bathmat thirsty thief bath mouth teeth kn:knob knee knife knock knitwr:wrist wrinkle wrap wreath writemb:thumb lamb bomb comb crumb numb第六天:bl fl pl cl gl br cr gr pr fr tr drbl:blue black blouse bloom bleach blanket blonde hairfl: flat flu fly flame flute floor flag flowerpl:plane play plus planet platform plum plate plantcl:clock cloud clean clay climb close clap clowngl:glove globe glass glue glasses gliderbr:bright brook brim bride brown bread brick brothercr:crown crab cream crow crayon crocodile cry croissantgr:gray green grass grapes ground grow grandmapr:prixe price prawn press prince princess prayfr:frog frost Friday French fries fruit front friend frametr:tractor truck train tray tree triangle trunk trolleydr:dream drum dry drop draw drive dress drink第七天:sm sn sl sw sp st sc sk all ew ysm:smile small smell smoke smoothsn:snowman snow snore snake snail sneakers sneakers snacksl:slow slap sleep slide slope sledsw:switch swallow swan swim sweet swing sweater sweatsp:spider spaceship spinach spoon spellst:stockings store star stamp storm stick student stand sc:scarf scooter scanner scarecrow scale scorpion scoopsk:skunk skis skirt skatesall:call tall fall ball wall ew:dew few view hew new nephew newspaperYy: sky fly dry spy type shy cry my Yy :Miny sunny puppy dizzy dirty pony happy baby自然拼音强化练习：Tongue twister1.A big black bear sat on a big black bug.2.A big black bug bit a big black dog on his big black nose!3.Cat, Cat, catch that fat rat.4.A fat cat catches a mad rat.5.Blue glue gun, green glue gun.6.Black background, brown background.7.A noisy noise annoys an oyster. 8.A good cook c