北京外国语大学-英语专业硕士面试题稿-(3).doc

AbstractThe Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) contains a direct writing assessment, and examinees are given the option of composing their responses at a computer terminal using a keyboard or composing their responses in handwriting. (2) This study sought to determine whether performance on a direct writing assessment is comparable for examinees when given the choice to compose essays in handwriting versus word processing. (3) We examined this relationship controlling for English language proficiency and several demographic characteristics of examinees using linear models. (4) We found a weak two-way interaction between composition medium and English language proficiency with examinees with weaker English language scores performing better on handwritten essays while examinees with better English language scores performing comparably on the two testing media. (5) We also observed predictable differences associated with geographic region, native language, gender, and age.(1) The function of sentence (1) is to :a) ?describe the background situation. b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?present the results. e) ?discuss the results and their implications. (2) The function of sentence (2) is to:a) ?describe the background situation b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?present the results. e) ?discuss the results and their implications. (3) The function of sentence (3) is to:a) ?describe the background situation. b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?present the results. e) ?discuss the results and their implications. (4) The function of sentence (4) is to:a) ?describe the background situation. b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?present the results. e) ?discuss the results and their implications. (5) The function of sentence (5) is to:a) ?describe the background situation. b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?present the results. e) ?discuss the results and their implications. 1. A: Yes, this sentence gives information about the test (the TOEFL) which was the context of the study.2. B：Yes, This study sought . is a typical beginning to a statement of the aims of the study.3. C Yes, We examined . introduces a statement about what they did and how they did it.4. D. Yes, We examined . introduces a statement about what they did and how they did it.5. E. Yes, We found . is a typical way to present resultsAbstractThe present research examines visual perception in both typical and atypical developments. (2) To examine the processes by which perceptual mechanisms become attuned to the contingencies of affective signals in the environment, the authors measured the sequential, content-based properties of feature detection in emotion recognition processes. (3) To evaluate the role of experience, they compared typically developing children with physically abused children, who were presumed to have experienced high levels of threat or hostility. (4) As predicted, physically abused children accurately identified facial displays of anger on the basis of less sensory input than did controls, which suggests that physically abused children have facilitated access to representations of anger. (5) The findings are discussed in terms of experiential processes in perceptual learning.(1) The function of sentence (1) is to :a) ?describe the background situation. b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?present the results. e) ?state how the results are discussed. (2) The function of sentence (2) is to:a) ?describe the background situation b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?present the results. e) ?state how the results are discussed. (3) The function of sentence (3) is to:a) ?describe the background situation. b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?state how the results are discussed. e) ?state how the results are discussed. (4) The function of sentence (4) is to:a) ?describe the background situation. b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?present the results. e) ?state how the results are discussed. (5) The function of sentence (5) is to:a) ?describe the background situation. b) ?state the problem to be studied. c) ?describe their procedures and methods. d) ?present the results. e) ?state how the results are discussed. BYes, this sentence states the problem to be studied. Note the typical expression The present research examines .C：Yes, . the authors measured . indicates their methodsC: Yes, this is a second sentence describing their methods. Note: . they compared. an expression which indicates their methods.D: Yes, As predicted, indicates they are going to present their results.D: Yes, The findings are discussed . is a synonym of The results are discussed .E: Yes, The findings are discussed . is a synonym of The results are discussed .Read the sample essay below and then analyse it. The Cost of Tourism in the Cook IslandsIn theory, tourism brings substantial economic benefits to a country. But who gains the wealth generated? In recent times tour operators have brought large numbers of tourists to the Cook Islands to enjoy their beauty and the traditional life style. Local people meet this demand in the form of profit generation. Can it be argued that tourism in the Cook Islands has brought wealth and well-being for the majority of the local population? Tourism is also promoted as creating jobs and fostering social relations, and in particular a better understanding between nations. However, there is, according to one researcher, a growing body of empirical evidence that the so-called benefits of tourism are often greatly outweighed by the substantial long-term social and environmental costs incurred (Mercer, 1994, p. 127). This essay will argue that in the case of the Cook Islands, tourisms economic and social benefits are unfortunately unrealised ideals and that instead it has put stresses and strains on both the countrys economic wellbeing and its social values.Turning first to the alleged economic benefits of tourism, we can see that in the case of the Cook Islands, there is a variety of sources of income from tourist receipts. According to a 1991 visitor survey (Tourism Council of the South Pacific, 1991), after beach activities and natural scenery (62%), visitors to the Cook Islands are looking for entertainment and folklore and culture experiences (27%). Tourists contribute to the local economy by spending money on travel to and around the country, as well as on accommodation, food, entertainment and souvenirs. Results from this same survey, for example, revealed that in the survey period (October 1991 to February 1992) close to 90% of tourists surveyed stayed in hotels or similar accommodation. Also, close to 70% of total tourist expenditure was on accommodation, restaurants and bars, with a further 16% on transport, tours and entertainment (Tourism Council of the South Pacific, 1991). Tourists are thus helping to create jobs which are based on making them feel welcome and at the same time they put cash into the economy directly by paying for services.There are down sides however. The Cook Islands does not have the capacity to own and maintain businesses such as large airline companies or tourist hotels. They are owned by other countries such as New Zealand or multinational conglomerates. The cost of travel and accommodation, which constitutes a large part of a tourists expenditure, goes directly to the foreign-owned airlines and hotels. These outside interests draw the bulk of the profit they create out of the country. Little of it reaches the local economy. According to Milne (1987), overseas operators receive approximately 60% of all tourist receipts, while local Europeans receive 23%, with the remaining 17% flowing to Cook Islands owned enterprises. It is likely that these disproportionate shares of control of the tourist dollar will have spin off effects on the social fabric. As Milne claims the crucial factor in determining the level of negative social impacts is the degree to which local participation in the ownership and control of the industry is undermined (Milne, 1987, p. 120). Tourism in the Cook Islands in the late eighties appears to have provided overwhelming economic benefit to foreigners rather than the local population. This may well have impacted negatively on the social fabric. It is beyond the scope of the essay to examine this, but Milnes claim seems a reasonable one.The creation of jobs is often claimed to be one of the positive side effects of tourism. However, according Milne (1987, p.134) Despite totalling 95% of the population, Cook Island Maoris only fill 53% of the managerial or supervisory positions in the industry. Europeans on the other hand, fill 47% of these positions, despite comprising less than 5% of the countrys population. Again, there is clearly an imbalance between local and non-local participation in the economic benefits of tourism in terms of who does what job. This mirrors the imbalance in ownership of operator resources described in the previous paragraph. Another unintended negative effect is that tourism employment is seen as easy money when compared to traditional island occupations like cropping. It attracts labour away from cropping, another important source of income for the economy. So Cook Islanders appear mainly to receive economic benefit via mostly non-managerial wages and at the same time the labour force is drawn away from other important areas of economic activity.Turning to the supposed social benefits of tourism, we can also see some discrepancies beneath the surface ideals. To take advantage of any other money the tourists are prepared to spend, Cook Islanders court tourists with their own enterprises. But tourists have their own set of images about the culture before they even set foot in the country, and when they arrive they seek to affirm these images. Tourists usually only want to see what is pleasant and enjoyable whether or not they are experiencing truly authentic features of a society. This explains for example the popularity of the traditional Cook Island tapa cloths and lava lavas which are imported from a factory in New Zealand. The cost in cultural terms is borne out further by another reality lying behind the ideal. Tourism is claimed to draw different cultures together. However, what often results from this cultural mixing of first and third world populations is cultural envy (Milne, 1987, p. 127). With increased exposure to western lifestyles local people start to emulate aspects of western culture such as consumerism and the consumption of alcohol, with the expected negative results. All of these less than ideal realities beneath a positive surface indicate that as far as the Cook Islands are concerned, for the relatively low financial return that tourism offers to the local population, the social costs are too high.It is worth considering what economic benefits might be found in less socially damaging and economically more effective forms of the industry. Tuara (1990) for example contains a detailed discussion of an appropriate model for sustainable tourism development based on the experience of Barbados, and in a recent discussion of the role of ecotourism in the Pacific, Hall concludes: to neglect the social dimension of development and peoples relationship to their environment is in opposition to the principles of sustainable development (1994, p. 154). He cites a study of ecotourism in the Solomon Islands (Rudkin, 1994), where development proposals served only to reinforce the power and wealth of big men at the expense of the wider indigenous community. The Cook Islands could perhaps avoid the reinforcement of similar existing power relations if tourist planning was more under the control of those affected by it. Control of the Cook Islands tourism industry by local people, training of local people and advice from those outsiders working alongside in a partnership mode could mean that tourism brings many more benefits and fewer costs.1145 wordsReferencesHall, C.M. (1994). Ecotourism in Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific: Appropriate tourism or a new form of ecological imperialism? In E. Carter & G.Lowman (Eds.), Ecotourism: A sustainable option? (pp. 137-157). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Mercer, D. (1994). Native peoples and tourism: Conflict and compromise. In W.Theobold (Ed.), Global tourism: The next decade (pp.124-145). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Milne, S. (1987). The Cook Islands tourist industry: Ownership and planning. Pacific Viewpoint, 28 (2), 119-138.Rudkin, B. (1994). Ecotourism: Passage to sustainable development? Unpublished masters thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.Tourism Council of the South Pacific. (1991). Cook Islands Visitor Survey 1991: Survey Report No. 13. Suva: Tourism Council of the South Pacific.Tuara, P.N. (1990). Towards sustainable tourism development in the Cook Islands: Lessons in experience from Barbados. Unpublished masters thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.Analysis：Para.1 This is the introductory paragraph, giving the background to the essay and specifying its focus. This essay will argue that in the case of the Cook Islands, tourisms economic and social benefits are unfortunately unrealised ideals and that instead it has put stresses and strains on both the countrys economic wellbeing and its social values.This is the thesis statement of the essay. It outlines the argument of the essay. It also indicates limitation of the essay to a particular topic area.Para.2 This paragraph outlines some of the claimed economic benefits.Turning first to the alleged economic benefits of tourism, we can see that in the case of the Cook Islands, there is a variety of sources of income from tourist receipts.This is the topic sentence of this paragraph.Para.3: This and the following paragraph critique the point of view expressed in the previous paragraph and disclose the negative effects of tourism on the countrys economic wellbeing. This paragraph considers the issues of