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Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. An important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. Through to the above some questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.机械设计理论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域,主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思,还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。如前所诉,机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处,只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而,应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前,必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承担一定的风险,当新的方法不适用时,就使用原来的方法。因此,设计人员必须要有耐心,因为 所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计,要求屏弃许多陈旧的,为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规,这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法,在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理,将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生,只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后,才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此,一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时,也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是,如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法,就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法,也会在设计的早期,即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样,才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常,要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 通常 ,在制造过程中会出现某个问题。可能会要求对某个零件尺寸或公差作一些更改,使零件的生产变得容易。但是,工程上的更改必须要经过设计人员批准,以保证不会损伤产品的功能。有时,在产品的装配时或者装箱外运前的试验中才发现设计中的某种缺陷。这些事例恰好说明了设计是一个动态过程。总是存在着更好的方法来完成设计工作,设计人员应该不断努力,寻找这些更好的方法。这些年来,工程材料的选择已经显得重要。此外,选择过程应该是一个对材料的连续不断的重新评价过程。新材料不断出现,而一些原有的材料的能够获得的数量可能会减少。由于材料选用不当造成的产品责任诉讼,已经产生了深刻的影响。此外,材料与材料加工之间的相互依赖关系已经被人们认识得更清楚。因此,为了能在合理的成本和确保质量的前提下获得满意的结果,设计工程师的制造工程师都必须认真仔细地选择、确定和使用材料。制造任何产品的第一步工作都是设计。设计通常可以分为几个明确的阶段:(a)初步设计;(b)功能设计;(c)生产设计。在初步设计阶段,设计者着重考虑产品应该具有的功能。通常要设想和考虑几个方案,然后决定这种思想是否可行;如果可行,则应该对其中一个或几个方案作进一步的改进。在生产设计阶段中,与材料有关的主要问题是应该把材料完全确定下来,使它们与现有的设备相适应,能够利用现有设备经济地进行加工,而且材料的数量能够比较容易保证供应。在制造过程中,不可避免地会出现对使用中的材料做一些更改的情况。经验表明,可采用某些便宜材料作为替代品。然而,在大多数情况下,在进行生产以后改换材料要比在开始生产前改换材料所花费的代价要高。在设计阶段做好材料选择工作,可以避免多数这样的情况。在生产制造开始后出现了可供使用的新材料是更换材料的最常见的原因。当然,这些新材料可能降低成本、改进产品的性能。但是,必须对新材料进行认真的评价,以确保其所有性能都满足要求。应当记住,新材料的性能和可靠性很少像现有材料那样为人们所了解。大部分的产品失效和产品责任事故案件是由于在选用新材料作为替代材料之前,没有真正了解它们的长期使用性能而引起的。通过对上述一些问题的分析,可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由存在的结论。对这些问题的研究分析可以为避免这些问题的出现指明方向。尽管采用最好的材料选择方法也不能避免发生产品责任诉讼,设计人员和工业界按照适当的程序进行材料选择,可以大大减少诉讼的数量。从以上的讨论可以看出,选择材料的人们应该对材料的性质,特点和加工方法有一个全面而基本的了解。 摘 要本课题通过对普通机用台虎钳的结构分析,发现其不能很好的装夹球形、圆柱形工件,而V形钳口可以很好的装夹圆柱形工件。为此本课题研制了一系列的V形钳口,可更好的装夹不同尺寸的圆柱形工件,达到装夹方便,提高加工效率,提高加工质量和精度的目的。另外,通过对普通台虎钳的功能的研究,开发了台虎钳用于划线平台、活动v形块、活动扳手的功能。台虎钳功能的拓展可以达到减少工具数量,节约加工时间,节约成本,解除临时困难的目的,同时也使台虎钳得到了更加充分的使用。关键词:台虎钳, V形块,划线平台, V形口To improve the structure and function of the expansion of Taiwan vice based solidworksAbstractThis topic through to analysis the ordinary machine with bench vises organization, discovered that it cannot be the very good at clamping the sphere, the cylindrical work piece, but V shape mouth of the tongs may be the very good at clamping the cylindrical work piece. Therefore I have developed an especial series of V shape mouth of the tongs , which are better at clamping the different sizes of the cylindrical work pieces, thus it achieves the attire to clamp conveniently, raises the processing efficiency, improves the processing quality and the precision goal. Moreover, through to think the ordinary bench vises function, discovered that besides supports on both sides the work piece, but can also act as the face plate, move v shape block, the adjustable spanner. Taiwan vice functionality can be expanded to reduce the number of tools, save processing time, cost savings, the purpose of lifting the temporary difficulties, but also so that Taiwan has been more fully vice use.Keywords: Taiwan vice, V-shaped blocks, Crossing the platform, V-type mouth目 录1 绪论12 普通机用台虎钳的结构设计12.1 机用台虎钳的工作原理12.2 对台虎钳各个零件的设计22.2.1 固定钳座的设计22.2.2 活动钳身的结构设计42.2.3 方块螺母的结构设计52.2.4 钳口板的结构设计62.2.5 固定钳口板用螺钉的结构设计72.2.6 固定活动钳身用螺钉的结构设计82.2.7螺母M10的选择设计92.2.8销的选择设计102.2.9螺杆的结构设计102.2.10 螺杆的强度校核计算112.2.11垫片的选择设计123 对台虎钳的部件(钳口)的结构改进123.1 钳口的分析设想123.2 V形钳口的分析143.3 V形钳口的选择设计153.4 V形钳口的实例设计163.5紧固螺钉的选择164 台虎钳结构的装配174.1 台虎钳的爆炸视图174.2装上V形钳口的台虎钳效果示意图:175台虎钳使用功能方法的拓展185.1当V形块使用185.2 手工绕制弹簧185.3 校正小钢材186 结论19致谢20参考文献211 绪论机械加工中,台虎钳是较为常见的装夹工具,它分机同和手用两种, 都是利用两钳口作定位基准,靠丝扛、螺母传送机械力的原理进行工作的。台虎钳结构简单,装夹迅速。加工时省时省力,提高了加工效率、加工精度、产品质量。但是台虎钳也有其不足之处,如不能较好的装夹外形较为复杂和不规则工件。主要原因是台虎钳钳口是平直的, 不适于装夹球形,特别是圆柱形工件。机加工时工件易位移,有时工件还会飞出机床台面。为此,特对台虎钳的钳口进行结构的改进设计,以满足其使用功能的要求,使其更加的实用化。普通台虎钳的主要功能是夹紧工件,以使加工方便、快捷。本论文利用普通台虎钳的特性,对其使用功能进行了拓展,如充当划线平台、绕制弹簧、校正小钢材等。使台虎钳的功能更加全面化。根据使用条件的不同,加工环境的不同,人们还会对台虎钳进行进一步的改进创新和功能的拓展,会有越来越多不同的结构使台虎钳的使用功能多样化、全面化。2 普通机用台虎钳的结构设计2.1 机用台虎钳的工作原理 机用虎钳是一种在机床工作台上用来夹持工件、以便于对工件进行加工的夹具。机用台虎钳装配图采用了俯视图、主视图、三维立体图和一个表示单独零件的爆炸视图来表达。主视图采用了全剖视图,反映台虎钳的工作原理和零件间的装配关系。俯视图反映了固定钳身的结构形状。主视图基本上反映了台虎钳的工作原理:旋转长轴带动活动钳身作水平方向左右移动,夹紧工件进行切削加工。主视图反映了主要零件的装配关系:长柄螺母将导向座与长柄连接,螺杆窜过套筒通过螺杆螺母与活动钳身连接,长柄螺母将固定钳身和长柄连接,螺钉将两块钳口板分别与固定钳身和活动钳身连接。机用虎钳(图1)由固定钳座1、钳口板2、活动钳身4、螺杆8和方块螺母9等零件组成。当用扳手转动螺杆8时,由于螺杆8的左边用开口销卡住,使它只能在固定钳座1的两圆柱孔中转动,而不能沿轴向移动,这时螺杆8就带动方块螺母9,使活动钳身4沿固定钳座1的内腔作直线运动。方块螺母9与活动钳身4用螺钉3连成整体,这样使钳口闭合或开放,便于夹紧和卸下零件。(图1)固定钳座1在装配件中起支承钳口板2、活动钳身4、螺杆8和方块螺母9等零件的作用,螺杆8与固定钳座1的左、右端分别以12H8/f7和18H8/f7间隙配合。活动钳身4与方块螺母9以20H8/f7间隙配合1。 固定钳座1的左、右两端是由12H8和18H8水平的两圆柱孔组成,它支承螺杆8在两圆柱孔中转动,其中间是空腔,使方块螺母9带动活动钳身4沿固定钳座1作直线运动。图1 普通台虎钳的装配图2.2 对台虎钳各个零件的设计2.2.1 固定钳座的设计根据固定钳座的零件图画出三维实体图,选取材料为T2002。固定钳座的零件图(图2):图2固定钳座的零件图固定钳身的三维实体图(图3、图4):图3 固定钳身(上视) 图4 固定钳身(下视)2.2.2 活动钳身的结构设计根据活动钳身的零件图画出三维实体图,选取材料为T2002。活动钳身的零件图(图5):图5活动钳身的零件图活动钳身的三维实体图(图6、图7、图8不同视角的三维图):图6 活动钳图7 活动钳身图8 活动钳身2.2.3 方块螺母的结构设计根据方块螺母的零件图画出三维实体图3,选取材料为Q235。方块螺母的零件图6(图9):图9 方块螺母的零件图方块螺母的三维实体图(图10):图10 方块螺母2.2.4 钳口板的结构设计根据钳口板的零件图画出三维实体图,选取材料为45 。钳口板的零件图(图11):图11 钳口板零件图钳口板的三维实体图(图12):图12 钳口板2.2.5 固定钳口板用螺钉的结构设计根据设计需求和台虎钳的使用性能要求,本设计中选取标准件螺钉GB/T 68M8X20,选取材料为Q235。查取设计手册可得相关尺寸,根据查得的相关尺寸设计得钳口板用螺钉的三维实体图(图13):图13 固定钳口板用螺钉2.2.6 固定活动钳身用螺钉的结构设计根据固定活动钳身用螺钉的零件图画出三维实体图。固定活动钳身用螺钉的零件图(图14):图14 固定活动钳身用螺钉的零件图固定活动钳身用螺钉的三维实体图(图15):图15 固定活动钳身用螺钉2.2.7螺母M10的选择设计根据设计需求和台虎钳的使用性能要求,本设计中选取标准件螺母GB/T 61742000M1010,选取材料为35。查取设计手册可得相关尺寸,根据查得的相关尺寸设计得螺母M10的三维实体图(图16)。图16 螺母M102.2.8销的选择设计根据设计需求和台虎钳的使用性能要求,本设计中选取标准件y圆锥销GB/T 913x14,选取材料为Q235。查取设计手册可得相关尺寸,根据查得的相关尺寸设计得销的三维实体图(图17)。图17 销2.2.9螺杆的结构设计根据螺杆的零件图画出三维实体图,选取材料为45。螺杆的零件图(图18):图18 螺杆(丝杠)的零件图螺杆的三维实体图(图19):图19 螺杆(丝杠)2.2.10 螺杆的强度校核计算进行轴的强度校核计算时,应根据轴的具体受载及应力情况,采取相应的计算方法,并恰当地选取其许用应力。本设计中,螺杆主要是扭矩,则应该按扭转强度条件计算。这种方法是只按轴所受的扭矩来计算轴的强度,轴的扭转强度条件为: 式中:扭转切应力,Mpa;T轴所受的扭矩,N.mm; 轴的抗扭截面系数, n轴的转数,p轴传递的功率,d计算截面处轴的直径,mm;许用扭转切应力,Mpa。根据国家标准,选取许用扭转切应力为25-45Mpa. T=15 kN.m。截面处轴的直径为18mm。代入数据可算得实际扭转切应力为12.86 Mpa,与理论相比可知符合设计使用性能的要求。所以,和螺母配合处轴的尺寸选择合理。2.2.11垫片的选择设计为了使螺杆在固定钳身里能够较好的定位,特配备两个垫圈,一个用于和M10螺母的配合使用,另一个用在螺杆的把手方位与固定钳身的配合使用。和M10螺母配合使用的弹簧垫圈(图20)选用标准件,按GB 9387,相关尺寸为:d=10.2,s=b=2.6,0m=1.3 材料为65 Mn、表面氧化。图20 垫圈螺杆的把手方位与固定钳身的配合使用的垫圈选用标准件,按GB 9387,相关尺寸为:d=18.3,s=b=4.5 ,0m=2.25 材料选取为Q235。3 对台虎钳的部件(钳口)的结构改进3.1 钳口的分析设想机械加工中,台虎钳是较为常见的装夹工具,它分机同和手用两种, 都是利用两钳口作定位基准,靠丝扛、螺母传送机械力的原理。其结构简单,装夹迅速,所以被人们称道。但是台虎钳也有其不足之处,如袭夹外形较为复杂和不规则工件时,就力不从心了。主要原因是台虎钳钳口是平直的, 不适于装夹球形,特别是圆柱形工件。机加工时工件易位移,有时工件还会飞出机床台面。为此, 我们对台虎钳的钳口部位进行了改造,使之能装夹各种工件。具体方法是,按原钳口大小制一对对称的V型钳口(如图21)。图21 V形钳口示意图该V形钳口需经热处理淬火及表面处理。使用时需将原钳口卸下,装上V形新钳口,即可使用。若工件是单件或批量小,也可不卸原钳口,直接将新钳口装上。另外,还可以使用一块V形钳口,这样就形成了工件和钳口之间呈三条线定位接触加紧;如果使用两块V形钳口则是四条线接触夹紧。在此基础上,我们进一步设计制作了一系列钳口(如图22)。图22-a图22-b图22-c图22-a所示钳口特别适用于小圆柱件的多件立式夹紧。装拆方便,夹紧力平衡, 并能实现自动补偿。图22-b适用于装夹较大直径工件的立兜, 可形成三线和四线接触夹紧。图22-c所示钳口适用于不规则工件的立式夹紧。上述三种钳口在使用时只需将其卡在原钳口上,并用紧固螺钉(图27)紧固即可。根据工件与V形块的接触母线长度, V形块可以分为短V形块和长V形块,前者限制工件两个自由度,后者限制工件四个自由度。3.2 V形钳口的分析V形块定位的优点是: 对中性好,即能使工件的定位基准轴线对中在V形块两斜面的对称平面上,在左右方向上不会发生偏移,且安装方便; 应用范围较广。不论定位基准是否经过加工,不论是完整的圆柱面还是局部圆弧面,都可采用V形块定位。V形块上两斜面间的夹角一般选用60、90和120,其中以90应用最多。其典型结构和尺寸均已标准化(见国标附图23、图24、表1)。V形块的材料一般用20钢,渗碳深0.81.2 mm,淬火硬度为6064 HRC。图23 V形口典型结构图24 V形口典型结构表1 V形口的国标尺寸3.3 V形钳口的选择设计此次设计为改装普通台虎钳的平面钳口为V形钳口13,以更好的加紧圆柱工件。 此V形钳口的制作应该是一系列的,结合国家标准和本设计的要求,可得出台虎钳V形块的效果图(图25) 图25 v形钳口3.4 V形钳口的实例设计此次设计中选取一组数据为例,有关尺寸如下:N=42,35D45,B=40,h1=18,b=16.可得这个尺寸列的V形钳口(图26)。图26 V形钳口3.5紧固螺钉的选择 固定V形钳口的紧固螺钉按国家标准/T 5783-2000进行选择,结合设计要求,即可选取M10X20的螺钉(图7)就能满足紧固要求。图27 紧固V形钳口螺栓4 台虎钳结构的装配4.1 台虎钳的爆炸视图爆炸视图(图28)能够较好的展示台虎钳各个零件之间的关系,它从三维立体的角度阐明了台虎钳的结构,给人们直观直接的视觉感受。图28 台虎钳爆炸视图4.2装上V形钳口的台虎钳效果示意图:利用solidworks生成装配体的功能对设计改进的台虎钳进行组装,生成效果示意图(图29)。图29 V形钳口台虎钳此示意图只是表示了一个方面,只是在活动钳身上装有V形钳口,此时形成三线接触夹紧,根据需要也可以同时在固定钳身上装上V形钳口,此时形成四线接触夹紧。另外如果是满足大批量生产使用,应该将平直钳口卸下,再装上V形钳口。5台虎钳使用功能方法的拓展 5.1当V形块使用 利用普通台虎钳钳口的开度可以调节以及两块钢制钳口表面的直线度、平面度、硬度、比较高的特点,在对小件圆柱体材料进行粗加工画线时,可以把它当V形块使用。因为在对圆柱体材料如圆钢进行画线时,需要找出圆柱体的母线。这时往往需要有V形块、千斤顶把圆柱体支撑起来,然后再放到划线平台上进行画线。使用该方法,可以不用V形块、划线平台等工具也能完成小件圆柱体母线的画线工作。如圆钢粗加工母线的划法。操作方法:把台虎钳的钳口旋开一定得开度即钳口的的距离,注意营销与圆柱体的直径,把材料直接放在钳口上,然后

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