大学英语翻译教程讲义

英汉文化对比n 文化:一个国家或民族的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。n 文化与语言的关系:语言反映文化，文化影响语言的使用和发展。n 王佐良：翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们全说：他必须掌握两种语言，确实如此；但 是，不了解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言。（翻译中的文化比较， 19841翻译通讯）n 谭载喜(著名翻译理论家、香港浸会大学博导)：翻译中对原文意思的理解，远远不是单纯的语言理解问题。语言是文化的组成部分，它受着文化的影响和制约。在翻译过程中，译者对某段文字理解的正确与否，在很大程度上取决于他对有关文化的了解。对于译者来说，没有两种文化的对比知识，就无从谈起对语言文字的正确理解与表达。n Learning a language is a kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken. 一、文化背景的差异：1、中国以农立国，因此农谚居多。骨瘦如柴 be as lean as a rake对牛弹琴 cast pearls before swine滚石不生苔 A rolling stone gathers no moss.众人拾柴火焰高 Many hands make light work.竹篮打水一场空 Drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing.2、英国人喜欢航海，因此许多用语源于航海事业。Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. 好风快扬帆。Still waters run deep. 静水流深。In a calm sea, every man is a pilot. 海面平静，人人都可当舵手。A small leak will sink a great ship. 小洞不堵要沉大船。二、联想的差异：1、山中无老虎，猴子称霸王 In the land of the blind, the is king. 2、如鱼得水 like a to water 3、多如牛毛 as plentiful as 4、一箭之遥 at a s throw 5、水中捞月 to fish in the 6、石沉大海 to remain a dead 7、蠢得象猪 as stupid as a 8、守口如瓶 dumb as an 9、挥金如土 to spend money like 10、烂醉如泥 drunk as a 11、画蛇添足 to gild the 12、湿得像落汤鸡 as wet as a drowned 13、瘦得象猴子as thin as a 14、吹牛to talk 15、如履薄冰to tread upon 16、棋逢对手diamond cut 17、挂羊头卖狗肉to cry up and sell vinegar 18、一模一样 as like as two 19、睡得死沉 to sleep like a 20、胆小如鼠 as timid as a a. one-eyed man b. duck c. blackberries d. stone e. letter f. goose g. oyster h. water i. sailor j. lily k. rat l. horse m. eggs n. diamond o. wine p. peas q. log r. hare s. shadow t. air红 （ ）- red（ ）白 （ ）- white ( )蓝 （ ）- blue ( )黄 （ ）- yellow （ ）牧童 （ ）- cowboy （ ）龙 （ ）- dragon （ ）月亮 （ ）- moon ( )三、价值观念的差异： 价值观念是人们对什么是可取，什么是不可取的指向性考虑和评价。中国人比较崇尚集体主义价值观，集体主义是中国文化的典型特征：“一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮”、“众人拾柴火焰高”、“独木不成林，单丝难成缕”、 “先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”中国人还比较注重对浓浓亲情和友情的回报，强调彼此之间的情义和义务：“一日为师，终身为父”、 “谁言寸草心，报得三春晖”、“士为知己者死”英美价值观念的主线是个人主义，崇尚个人相对社会的独立自主性：“ Dont put your finger in the pie”(不要多管闲事)受个人本位价值观念的影响，英美人士十分重视个人的隐私，故年龄、收入、宗教信仰以及私人住宅等均列入个人隐私范围：“An Englishmans home is his castle”（英国人的家是独立王国）四、宗教信仰的差异：中国有佛教、道教等教派，就汉语谚语来说，有不少是与宗教文化联系在一起的。例如，“佛要金装，人要衣装”、“放下屠刀，立地成佛”、“平日不烧香，临时抱佛脚”、“人争一口气，佛争一炉香”等就与佛教有关；而“一人得道，鸡犬升天”、“八仙过海，各显神通”等则与道教有关。相比较而言，基督教是英美国家的主要宗教信仰，由此产生了许多独具宗教特色的文化。Christmas comes but one year. (圣诞节一年才过一次，或佳节难逢)Every man must bear his own cross. (人人都得背自己的十字架, 喻指人人都得肩负生活重担、忍受生活中的苦难)The cross on his breast and the devil in his clothes. (十字挂胸前，鬼魅藏心间)God helps those who help themselves. (天助自助者)五、审美习惯的差异： 由于不同民族受其民族个性的影响，就形成了不同的审美习惯与审美情绪。在这一点基础上，中西方对周围的事物价值认识不同。特别明显的是在英汉谚语中，虽然都常常借用动物来喻指各种不同类型的人，但不同国家的人民对一些动物的感情色彩和认识却不尽相同，有的甚至截然相反。如，在英美国家，人们喜欢养狗，因此常以dog来自称或互称，却不含卑劣之意。狗在英美国家还有着“人之良友”（mans best friend）之美称。Every dog has its day. 人人都有得意日。 / Barking dog seldom bites. 嘴硬者手软。 / Dog does not eat dog. 同类不相残。 / You are a lucky dog. 你是个幸运儿。而在中国，狗往往使人联想到令人厌恶的东西，如“狗娘养的”，“狗东西”，“狗腿子”，“狗改不了吃屎，“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”等。六、历史文化的差异：中国是一个具有漫长封建社会历史的国家，在这悠悠岁月中沉积了许多独具中国特色的封建时代的文化产物，例如，“大人不计小人过，宰相肚里能撑船”、“自古衙门八字开，有理无钱莫进来”等等英汉谚语中，有些词汇或说法与其历史文化息息相关。Talk of the devil, and he is sure to appear. / Speak of angels and you will hear the their wings. 说曹操，曹操就到。 (前者带有浓厚的西方宗教色彩，而后者则与历史有关)Love is blind. 情人眼里出西施。 (前者源于西方神话中古罗马爱神 Cupid或古希腊爱神Eros，后者带有明显的汉族历史文化的痕迹)The bread never falls but on its buttered side. 人倒霉，喝凉水也塞牙。（二者去反映出不同的生活习惯）Dont carry coals to Newcastle. 不要倒贩槟榔到广东。（二者虽然都表示“勿多此一举”之义，但各自的背景不同：Newcastle是英国靠近产煤地的一个煤港，而广东则为中国南方热带省份，盛产槟榔）Men leap over where the hedge is lowest. 雷公打豆腐，专拣软的欺。（前者来源于生活，后者却来源于神话）Dont be a dog in the manger. 别占着茅坑不拉屎。（前者来源于伊索寓言故事，后者却是来源于实际生活）Two heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。（前者是从实际生活出发，而后者却是来源于历史传说）七、社交礼节的差异：（1） 各种称呼近年来，许多讲英语的人常常用名宇称呼别人（如：Tom，Michael，Linda，Jane等），而不用某某先生、某某太太或某某小姐（如：Mr Summers， Mrs Howard，Miss Jones等）。这种做法在美国人中尤为普遍，甚至初次见面就用名宇称呼。不仅年龄相近的人之间这样称呼，年龄悬殊的人之间也这样称呼，没有不尊重对方的意思。可以听到孩子叫年长的人Joe，Ben，Helen，等。甚至孩子对父母或祖父母也可以这样称呼。社会地位不同的人也是这样的。例如，许多大学生叫老师的名字。老师们对这种做法并不反感，也不认为学生不尊重自己或过于随便；他们反而认为学生能这样做，正好说明自己待人友好，平易近人。主要的例外是：称父母为Dad，Mom，Mum，Mother等，称祖父母为Grandpa，Grandma等，有时称年长的亲戚为Aunt Mary或Uncle Jim（注意：一般用名字，不用姓）。这当然与中国的习惯完全相反。中国孩子对祖父母，学生对老师，若直呼其名，成年人的反应是可想而知的。 中国人称呼家庭成员、亲戚或邻居时，往往用“二哥”、“三姐”、“四婶”、“周大伯”之类。中国人称呼别人时，有时称此人当时所担任的职务，前面加上他的姓，如“黄局长”、“林经理”、“马校长”之类。但是，很少听到讲英语的人称别人为Bureau Director smith（史密斯局长），Manager Jackson （杰克逊经理），Principal Morris（莫里斯校长）。只有少数职业或职务可用于称呼，如医生或有博士学位的人称 Doctor；有权主持法庭审判的人可称Judge。州长和市长可称Governor和 Mayor，但往往只称Governor或Mayor，省去其名。应该指出，对军官的称呼在汉英两种语言中也有所不同。在汉语中用姓加职务，如“陈司令”、“郝团长”、“梁排长”等。在英语中则用姓加军衔，不用另加职务，如可以说 Captain Johnson （约翰逊上尉），却不说Company Commander Johnson（约翰逊连长）；可以说 Admiral Benjamin（本杰明海军上将），却不说Fleet Commander Benjamin（本杰明舰队司令官）。（2）其他社交礼节吃了吗？ Hello / Hi （Have you eaten yet？或Have you had your lunch？） 上哪儿去啊？ （Where are you going？）到哪儿去啦？ （Where have you been？） 你先请。 After you.（You go first please.）劳驾。/ 借光。/ 请让一让。/ 请问。 Excuse me. 惭愧。（不敢当。/ 哪里。）Im pleased that you think so. / Im pleased to hear that. / You flatter me. / Thank you for your compliment.欢迎，欢迎。（幸会。/ 久仰。）Glad to meet you. / Im pleased to see you. / Its such a pleasure to see you.再会。（请留步。/ 走好。/ 慢走。/ 保重。/ 有空来玩儿。）Good-bye. / Take care. / See you. / Do come again.请笑纳。（别嫌弃。/ 一点儿小意思。）I hope you will like it.您太客气。（让您破费。/ 不好意思。）Its so lovely. / Thank you for the gift.多谢。（有劳您了。）Thanks. / Many many thanks. / Im much obliged.别客气。（别见外。/ 没什么。）Dont mention it. / Its a pleasure. / Not at all. / Never mind.不见不散啊！Please be there on time. / Till then. / See you.恭喜发财！Good luck!一路顺风！Plain sailing! / Have a good journey!该死！Damn it!英汉语言对比英汉语言历史比较1、英语属于印欧语系 2、英语的历史起源于第五世纪中叶朱特人、撒克逊人及盎格鲁人的入侵，到现在已有1500多年的历史了。 3、英语发展经历了三个时期：古英语时期（449-1100），中古英语时期（1100-1500），现代英语时期（1500-现在）。 4、英语是拼音文字。 5、英语是欧洲语言中变化最大，词汇成分最复杂，词汇量最丰富的一种语言。 6、牛津英语词典：40多万条。英国百科全书：超过50万个。1、汉语属于汉藏语系 2、汉语历史较英语历史长得很，汉语已有6000多年的历史了。 3、 汉字经历过许多变迁：甲骨文-金文-篆书-隶书-楷书：演变的总趋势是由繁到 简，由单纯表意向部分表音方向发展。4、汉语是表意文字 。5、汉语是世界上最发达的语言之一。6、康熙字典：4.9万个字。汉语大字典：5.6万字。中文大辞典：40余万条。大汉和辞典：55万余条。 英汉语言本质比较英语：综合型语言（主要通过本身的形态变化来表达语法意义）。汉语：分析型语言 （语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示）。 政治学习 the study of politics 学习政治 to study politics 克服困难 to overcome difficulties 困难问题 a difficult problem 脱离危险 to get out of danger 非常危险 exceedingly dangerous 1、I am writing a letter. 2、I wrote a letter yesterday. 3、I have written a letter. 4、I shall write a letter tomorrow.英汉词汇对比一、词类比较英：名词、动词、代词、连词、介词、数词、形容词、副词、感叹词、冠词汉：名词、动词、代词、连词、介词、数词、形容词、副词、感叹词、量词、助词二、词的形态变化比较英：名、代、动、形（数、格、时、体、态、式、级、人称）汉：变化较少三、词义比较1）完全对等：LondonThe Eiffel Towerthe Nobel Peace Prizethe Industrial Revolution颐和园长城社会主义高血压2）部分对等：wear 穿、戴 river 江、河 marriage 娶、嫁 net 网、帐子 brother 兄弟、同胞、同业、社友、会友 president 总统、长官、校长、主席、董事长cousin 堂兄，堂弟，表兄，表弟，堂姐，堂妹，表姐，表妹 brotherinlaw姻兄、姻弟、内兄、内弟、姊夫、妹夫 uncle 伯父、叔父、舅父、姑父、叔叔 wife 夫人、妻子、爱人、老婆、老伴、女人、内人、婆娘、娘子、配偶，孩子他娘、孩子他妈、我那口子。 aunt 伯母、大妈、婶娘、叔母、姨母、姑母、舅母、姑妈、阿姨山 hill，mountain 借 lend ，borrow 拿 bake，bring，fetch 叫 cry，shout call 笑 smile，laugh 门 door，gate 大学 university，college 闻 hear ，smell 鼠 mouse，rat3）无对等：teenager karaokeclock-watcherblue boy刘师傅二哥阴 阳裹足童养媳4）词义冲突 （源语词语所载的文化信息，与译语的对应词语所载的文化信息是相互矛盾的，也就是说，词语的表层指称意义相同，但词义深层所承载的文化涵义却不尽相同或者相反。）politician 政治家 propaganda 宣传爱人 lover访问学者 visiting scholar赠书 desk copy 自由主义 liberalism 个人主义 individualism 四、搭配差异1. He is a straight thinker. 他的思路很有条理。2. Put your room straight 把你的房间整理好。3. She keeps straight. 她品行端正。4. The accounts are straight. 帐目清楚。 5. They voted the straight ticket. 他们投了清一色票。6. She went straight home without going to the market 她直接回家，没有到市场去。7. He is fairly straight with me 他对我却是十分坦率。8. This is a very straight place 这可是个十分正经的地方。9. There are a lot of things weve got to get straight. 有很多事情我们需要搞清楚。10. Thanks for setting me straight 谢谢你使我明白过来。11. I believe I am thinking straight 我相信我的思路是清晰的。12. He keeps a straight face 他板着面孔。 练习一1. He killed the man.2. He killed the dog.3. You are killing me.4. He took a snack to kill his hunger.5. He killed time every day at the park.6. He killed himself with overwork.7. He killed the spirit of the group.8. He killed three bottles of whiskey in a week.9. She is dressed to kill.10.The news killed their hope.11. These plants kill easily in winter.12. The noises killed the music. 练习二1. 送某人一本书2. 送礼3. 送信4. 送客5. 送行6. 送命7. 送孩子上学8. 送某人回家9. 将卫星送上天10. 送葬五、词语的排列顺序不同1、英语句中单词一般放在被修饰词的前面，短语和从句一般放在被修饰词的后面。汉语定语不管单词或词组一般都放在被修饰语的前面 。 It is a red flag. The man you saw yesterday is his father. 夜莺唱出了美妙的歌曲。 穿灰大衣的那个人是我的哥哥。2、英汉两种语言的状语位置差别很大。英语状语可前可后。汉语状语一般放在被修饰的动词或形容词前面。 He always keeps his promise. They walked along arm in arm. 外面忽然传来喧闹声。 这篇文章非常深刻、动人。3、固定词组 前后 back and forth 新旧 old and new 冷热 hot and cold 血肉 flesh and blood 悲欢 joy and sorrow 水火 fire and water 水陆 land and water 贫富 rich and poor 田径 track and field 迟早 sooner or later 同一的 one and the same 唯一的 one and only 不论晴雨 rain or shine 饥寒交迫 suffer from cold and hunger 东西南北 north，south，east and west 衣食住行 food，clothing housing and transportation英汉句子对比(一) 英语句子重形合，汉语句子重意合：n 形合：主要靠语言本身语法手段。1、英语结构紧凑严密；2、英语句子好比一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一树荔枝n 意合：主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。 1、汉语结构简练明快。 2、汉语句子好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一江波涛。The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。n 试比较下列句子1. 跑得了和尚跑不了庙。The monk may run away, but the temple wont run with him.2. 你死了，我去当和尚。If you died, I would go and become a monk.3. 他不去我去。Id like to go if he wouldnt.4. 他不去我也去。Id go there even he wouldnt go with me.5. 他不去我才去。Id go there only if he wont.6. 知人知面不知心。A mans face one can know, but not his heart.7. 人穷志短。When a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching.8. 人穷志不短。Though one is poor, he has high aspirations.9. 人有脸，树有皮。The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.10. 人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.n 由于重意合，汉语中无主句和无动词的句子比比皆是，而英语句子的主语和动词则不可 或缺。英语句子从结构上分析有五种基本句型：SV（主-谓），SVO（主-谓-宾），SVOO（主-谓-间宾-直宾），SVOC（主-谓-宾-宾补），SVC（主-谓-主补），每一句式都少不了主语和谓语动词，即使充当句子主语或谓语的词并无实际意义，也须加上这个词以满足语法形式的需要。1、 汉语无主句刮风了。 The wind is blowing.吃晚饭了吗？还没有。 Have you had your supper? No, I havent.是王先生告诉我的。 It is Mr. Wang who old me about it.2、 无动词的句子今天真暖和。 It is warm today.他太瘦了。 He is too thin.她28岁了，还是个黄花闺女。 She is twenty-eight, but still a virgin.3、 汉语不讲究形式，各个句子成分相对灵活这书我读过。 I have read this book.北京他从来没去过。 He has never been to Beijing.药吃了吗？ Have you taken the medicine? 练习1、 下雨了。2、 应该努力克服种种不利因素。3、 几点了？十二点整。4、 天太热了。5、 他母亲今年五十岁。6、 日语他一窍不通。7、 这部电影我看过。8、 看样子要变天了。9、 天上挂着一轮明月。10、 不行！(二) 英语句子中，名词与介词占优势；汉语句子中，动词占优势：1. Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。2. Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。(三) 英汉句子重心比较： 在复合句子中，英语的主句为主要部分，一般放在句首，即重心在前。而汉语则一般按照逻辑和时间顺序，将主要部分放在句尾，形成后重心。 1 Nothing has happened since we parted. 自我们别后没发生什么事情。2 I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. 晚饭后我出去散步。3 He has to stay at home because he is ill. 他病了只得呆在家里。4 He cannot be operated upon as he is very weak. 他身体很弱不能动手术。(四) 英语句子中，there + be结构与虚词it的结构用得比较广泛n 在英语中，表示什么地点或存在什么事物时，常用“there + be+名词+地点（时间）状语”结构。这种结构中的引导词“there”，本身没有意义，常弱读，它相当于汉语的“有”。 这种结构中的谓语有时不用动词be，而用seem to be, happen to be, likely to be, bound to be等词组，或用live, come., enter, run, stand, occur, lie等动词表示。1. There was an English evening party in the hall last night. 昨晚大厅举行英语晚会。2. There is a picture on the wall. 墙上挂着一张画。3. There runs a river at a distance. 在远处有一条河流过。4. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.从前海边一个村子里住着个老渔民。5. There happened to be none in the room. 碰巧屋里没有人。6. It is difficult to translate the original adequately. 准确地翻译原文是不容易的。7. He feels it his duty to help others. 他觉得帮助别人是他的责任。8. It was in the club that we met her. 们是在俱乐部遇到她的。9. It is the wind shaking the window.是风刮得窗户作响。Translation Practice In Translate the following expressions:12red-bloodedred inkbrown bread brown papera white lie a white night white coffeewhite elephant black sheepblack day blacksmith 红娘红白事红人白痴白菜白开水白字白卷白昼n Translate the following sentences into Chinese:1. The thief was caught red-handed.2. They rolled out the red carpet for the Queen when she arrived in the country.3. When he started criticizing my work, I really saw red.4. He is still green to his job. 5. Do you see any green in my eye? 6. If you want to be a successful gardener, of course youve got to have green fingers. 7. She is a green hand in teaching English. 8. Mother gave us the green light to go on the camping trip this summer.9. He has a green wound in the left breast. 10. He is too yellow to stand up and fight.11. He is proud of his blue blood.12. Things are looking extremely blue. 13. True blue will never stain. 14. She ran and ran until she was blue in the face. 15. Its once in a blue moon that you get a chance like that. 16. He can read like a blue streak.17. The bad news came like a bolt out of the blue.18. John arrived out of the blue. 19. A rainy day always gives me the blues.20. They felt rather blue after the failure in the football match.21. She looks blue today. Whats the matter with her? She is in holiday blue.22. He got many black looks for his speech against the government.23. Ill have my coffee black, please.24. If you say that again, Ill give you a black eye.25. How are you? Oh, Im in the pink.Amplificationu Also called addition, means supplying necessary words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.u English and Chinese are entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background.u Many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shorthand words, etc. that are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to people abroad.u It is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration.Mary washes before meals. / Mary washes before going to bed. / Mary washes after getting up. / Mary washes for a living. / Mary washes in a restaurant. u Amplification in EC translation:1. Putting in words omitted in the originalShall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both, please.给你带一本词典来还是带一本百科全书来？请把两样都带来。A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.We dont retreat, we never have and never will.Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.2. Putting in necessary connectives:Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？Could you imagine what a fool I would make myself without that sum of money on me?你能想象我要是身上没带那笔钱，该显得多傻吗?Heated, water will change into vapor.3. Putting in words to convey the concept of pluralityHe stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道长长的蓝色影子。Very acute problems exist among them.Flowers bloom all over the yard.Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.The lion is the king of animals.We have to face different problems.Mr. Hobbs didnt talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon.4. Putting in words to indicate different tenses or sequences:In Beijing, there was a divine scale and a higgledy-piggledy scale.过去的北京既有一种神圣的规模，又有一种杂乱无章的格局。I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。Confucius was and still is and will be a great sage.Man was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.He looked older than his age, for he had had a hard life.Mother insisted to this day that she thought I was just joking.5. Amplification by logical analysisAir pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third.我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。6. Amplification for the purpose of rhetoric or coherence:1) verb-addition:In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.在中国，我们每到一座城市，就遛大街，逛商店，游公园，看演出，吃名菜。He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕辞就宣布结束会议。He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation.他满怀希望地说谈判会取得成功。After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting.2) noun-addition:He never drinks befo