大学英语语法Subjunctivemood虚拟语气讲解

AboutMood,Mood,asagrammaticalcategory,isafiniteverbformthatindicateswhetheranutteranceexpressesafact(indicativemood),acommandorrequest(imperativemood),oranon-factandhypothesis(subjunctivemood),mood,Indicativemood,Imperativemood,Subjunctivemood,Welcome,SubjunctiveMood,Therearetwoformsofthesubjunctive:be-subjunctiveandwere-subjunctive.Thebe-subjunctivetakesthebaseformandthewere-subjunctivehasonlythewereform.BothareremnantsofOldEnglish.,subjunctivemood,be-subjunctive,were-subjunctive,Part1:be-subjunctivemood,Thebe-subjunctive,liketheimperative,isrealizedbythebaseformoftheverb.Whateverthepersonofthesubject,thepredicatorinvarablytakesthebaseform.Consequently,wheretheclausehasapluralsubject,thereisnormallynodistinctionbetweenindicativeandsubjunctiveforms,exceptfortheverbbe.Thesubjunctiveformofbeisbeforallpersons.,Thebe-subjunctiveisusedasfollow:,1.Incertainthat-clauses,aftersuchverbsasdecide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,suggest,vote,ect,eg:,Theteacherorderedthatallthebooksbeputwheretheywere.HeinsistedthatTombepunishedbecauseofthemistake.,aftersuchadjectivesasadvisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper,ect,eg:,Itisessentialthatallnewwordsbelookedupinthedictionary.,aftersuchnounsasdecision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution,ect,eg:,TheboardhasgiveninstructionsthattheagentflytoBoston.ThefinaldecisionwasthatNickbefiredduetohisdishonesty.,IncertainadverbialclausesThebe-subjunctiveisalsousedinadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,though,whatever,solongas,whether,lest,.e.g:IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotbelievedhim.Whateverbehisdefense,wecannottoleratethisdisloyalty.Exercise:Ifit_(be)necessary,Iwillstayhere.,be,Thisuseofthebe-subjunctiveislimitedtoformalstyle,whileininformalstyletheindicativemoodor“should/may+infinitive“areusedinstead.e.g:Ifthenewsistrue,everythingispossible.Hehidhimselfinthebushlestheshouldbeseen.,Incertainformulaicexpressions,Thebe-subjunctiveisalsousedinsomeformulaicexpressionstoexpressawish,prayer,curse,Theformulaicuseofthebe-subjunctivetendstobeformalandold-fashionedinstyleeg:Godblessyou.Sobeit!Exercise:Mayourgreatmotherland_(live)long!,live,Part2:Were-subjunctive,Thewere-subjunctivehasonlyoneformwere,whichappliestosubjectsofallpersons,butwhichformallycontrastswiththeindicativeformwasonlywhenitisusedwithfirstandthirdpersonsingularsubjects.Thewere-subjunctiveishypotheticalorunrealinmeaningandisused.,Incertainadverbialclauses,Thewere-subjunctiveiscommonlyusedinadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,ifonly,asif,asthough,though,etctodenoteanunrealconditionorconcession,eg:,IfIwereyou,Iwouldtrymybestinthefootballmatch.,IfonlyIpassedthefinalexam.,Thoughthewholeworldwereagainstme,IwoulddowhatIconsiderasright.,Incertainnominalclauses,Thewere-subjunctiveisalsousedinnominalclausesafterverbslikewish,wouldrather,suppose,imagine,etctodenoteahypotheticalsituation,eg:,Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.,IdratherIwerenotatthesiteoftheaccident.,Itmustbenotedthatinpresent-dayEnglish,thewere-subjunctivewithfirstandthirdpersonsubjectsisoftenreplacedbytheindicativewasinlessformalstyle.Compare:,Iwishitwasspringalltheyearround.,IdratherIwasntatthesiteoftheaccident.,Thewere-subjunctiveisobligatory,however,inthesetexpressions“asitwere”(=sotospeak)and“ifIwereyou”,aswellasinnon-introducedconditionalclauseswithinvertedwordorder,eg:,WereItodoit,Ishouldrelyonyou.,Heismybestfriend,mysecondself,asitwere.,UseofpasttenseformsofverbThepasttenseformsofverbsareusuallyusedtoexpresshypothesisthefollowingcontexts.a)Itistime(that):Itistimethatwelefthome.Itishightimethatyoumakeyourdecision.Itistimeyouwenttobed.b)Iwouldrather(that)you/he:,Idratherhetoldmethetruth.Idratheryouhadofferedmesomejuice.c)Ifonly:IfonlyIknewhertelephonenumber.Ifonlyshehadfollowedmyadvice.Ifonlyhehadgonebycar.,Exercise:itshightimehe_(go)tobed.Itshightimehe_(leave)thisplace.Ifonlywe_(own)ahouse!Therentistooexpensive.Ifonlyhe_(know)Amysaddresses.Hewontgetlost.Hewenttothepartybybus,butIwouldratherhe_(go)bycar.Heattendedthewedding.Iwouldratherhe_(come)present.,went,left,owned,knew,hadgone,hadcame,d)asif/asthough:Hebehavesasifheknewhimwell.Theyarestaringatmeasif/thoughIwas/wereastranger.Hetalkedasifitreallyhappened.Inthestructureofasif/asthough,theformofverbisusuallydecidedbythecontextofthespeaker.Eg.IfeelasifIwas/weregoingtofaint.IfeelasifIamgoingtofaint.,Thatstosay,incertaincontexts,ifitdoesntmeanassumption,theverbformisnotusedpasttenseform.Eg.Thedishtastesasifitisbad.Itseemsasifwewillhavetostayhereforonenight.e)Iwish(that):Iwish(that)Icouldstayathome.IwishIhadbroughtanumbrellawithme.,IwishandIhopebothmean:希望.But“Ihopethat”doesntmeanassumption,sotheverbseldomusespasttenseform.Eg.Ihopewecangonow.Ihopetomorrowwillbeasunnyday.Ihopeshewillgothroughit.,Useofpasttensemodals,Thepasttensemodalsarecommonlyusedtoexpresshypothesisinthefollowingcontexts,a)Inconditionals,IfIwereyouIwouldnotgiveupthischanceIfshehadbeeninvited,shewouldhaveattendedtheparty.Ifyoushouldchangeyourmind,doletmeknow,b)Inimpliedconditionals,Butforteachershelp,IcouldntpasstheexamAnyonewhoshouldgotherewouldregretIndifferentcircumstances,Imighthaveagreed,c)Inothercontexts,TothinkthathewouldnotpasstheexamWhowouldhavethoughtthatthegirlshouldgetmarriedThatIshouldseeacollegestudentarrestedforstealing!,conclusion,Thesubjun