高三英语一轮复习 专项技法9 阅读理解之篇章结构课件 外研版.ppt

技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 篇章结构题根据其考查内容可分为三种 考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力 考查考生对后文内容的预测能力 考查考生对文章写作手法 修辞手段的鉴赏能力 一 篇章结构题主要的设题方式有 1 howisthepassageorganized 2 whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructure organizationofthepassage 3 whatwilltheauthormostprobablytalkaboutnext 4 theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby 5 thefirstparagraphservesasa n 6 theexampleof isgiventoshow illustratethat 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 二 篇章结构题主要的解题策略有 1 了解文章结构的组织形式 从段落组织方式上讲 常见的文章结构有三种 总分式结构 总 分 总 分 总 分 总 并列式结构 段落之间是平行关系 并且相对独立 对照式结构 结构形式上是一正一反 2 了解文章的论证方法 从论证方法上讲 常见的议论文结构有以下两类 putforwardaproblem analyzetheproblem solvetheproblem 即 提出问题 分析问题 解决问题 的过程 argument idea evidence conclusion restatingtheidea 即 由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点 的过程 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 3 了解文章的写作手法 在高考阅读中主要考查下定义 分类说明 列举例证和对比等写作手法 其中 引用 和 例证 是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一 是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向 引用 和 例证 的共同目的就是增强说服力 以更好地达到说理 说明的目的 引用 和 例证 的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题 返回目录 例1 2013 重庆卷 节选 最后一段 inthemid 1700s afrenchmancameupwithanewdesignofroad abaselayer 层 oflargestonescoveredwithathinlayerofsmallerstones ascotsmanimprovedonthisdesigninthe1820sandastrong lastingroadsurfacebecameareality ataroundthesametime metalhubs thecentralpartofawheel cameintobeing followedbythepneumatictyre 充气轮胎 in1846 alloywheelswereinventedin1967 sixtyyearsaftertheappearanceoftarmackedroads 柏油路 aswheeldesigntookoff vehiclesgotfasterandfaster 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 问题 howisthelastparagraphmainlydeveloped a bygivingexamples b bymakingcomparisons c byfollowingtimeorder d bymakingclassifications 点睛 c段落结构题 在写作手法上 该段看似举例 但这些例子均是按时间由远及近而叙述的 所以是按照时间顺序来组织文段的 故c项正确 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 例2 2013 重庆卷 节选 最后一段 itiseasytoimaginetheatlantictryingtodrawbreath perhapsnotsonoticeablyoutinmid ocean butwhereitmeetsland itswatersbathingupanddownasandybeach itmimics 模仿 nearlyperfectlythesteadybreathingofalivingcreature itisfilledwithsymbioticexistences too unimaginablequantitiesofcreatures littleandlargealike mixwithinitsdepthsinakindofoceanicharmony givingtothewatersafeelingofheartbeat akindofsub oceanvitality andithasapsychology 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 ithaspersonalities sometimespeacefulandpleasant onrareoccasionsroughandwild alwaysitisstrongandstriking 问题 inthelastparagraph theatlanticiscomparedto a abeautifulandpoeticplaceb afleshandbloodpersonc awonderfulworldd alovelyanimal 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 点睛 b写作方法题 由 ithaspersonalities sometimespeacefulandpleasant onrareoccasionsroughandwild alwaysitisstrongandstriking 可知 该文通过诗词和拟人化的描写把大西洋比作有血有肉的人 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 例3 2013 陕西卷 节选 accordingtosociologists 社会学家 everymodernindustrialsocietyhassomeformofsocialstratification 阶层 class powerandstatusareimportantindecidingpeople srankinsociety classmeansaperson seconomicpositioninsociety acommonlyusedclassificationislowerclass middleclassandupperclass whilesociologistsdisagreeonhowthesetermsshouldbeexactlydefined theydodescribesocietiesliketheunitedstatesquite 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 well onestudyshowsthat53 ofamericansbelongtothelowerclass 46 themiddleclass and1 theupperclass interestingly asurgeonearning 500 000ayearandabusdriverearning 50 000ayearbothregardthemselvesasthemiddleclass powerreferstotheamountofcontrolapersonhasoverotherpeople obviously peopleinpositionsofgreatpower suchasgovernors exercise 行使 bigpower butpeoplewhotakeordersfromothershavelesspower powerandclassdonotalwaysgohandinhand however 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 forexample thegovernorofastatehasgreatpower butheorshemaynotbelongtoacorresponding 相应的 economicclass generally however thereisarelationshipbetweenpowerandclass toourknowledge therearen ttoomanypeoplewhoaren tmillionairesintheussenate statusisthehonourorrespectattachedtoaperson spositioninsociety itcanalsobeaffectedbypowerandclass butnotnecessarilyso forexample auniversityprofessormayhaveahighstatusbutnotbelongtoahighsocialclassorhavealotofpoweroverothers 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 问题 whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 点睛 a文章结构题 本文说明了一个社会现象 每个现代工业社会都有其社会阶层 阶级 权力和社会地位是判断一个人的社会阶层的重要标准 本文第一段是主题段 class powerandstatusareimportantindecidingpeople srankinsociety 是本文的主题句 后三段分别从这三个方面来论述 故本篇文章是总分的结构 选a 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 活学活用 agettingridofdirt intheopinionofmostpeople isagoodthing however thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt intheearly16thcentury peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease asthemedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths by1538 thefrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom sodidthekingofenglandin1546 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 thusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorineuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway henry kingoffrance wasfamouslydirty uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath thekingorderedthat toavoidtheattackofdisease thenoblemanshouldnotgoout thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong lived dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboureversincethe18thcentury scientificallyspeaking cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 yet itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceworldwar advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite clothseversofter surfacestoshine hasthehatefordirt however gonetoofar attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays manyfirst timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease onthecontrary maryruebush anamericanimmunologist 免疫学家 encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem andthelatterpositionisgainingsomeground 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 问题 howdoesthepassagemainlydevelop a byprovidingexamples b bymakingcomparisons c byfollowingtheorderoftime d byfollowingtheorderofimportance 答案 c 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 bthecelebrationexperimentinthe1960s waltdisneypicturedinthemindafutureutopiancitywithundergroundroadsandaclimate controlledroundroof therealcommunityofcelebration florida builtin1999 appliesthesocialandenvironmentalgoalsofbothdisneyandthenewurbanismmovement disneyandthenewurbanismhaveimaginedcommunitiesthatpromotesocialandlocalcommunication celebrationhasacentralmarketstreetdistricttoreducetrafficandencouragesocialcontacts 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 theideaisthatifthedowntownareaisneatlyandcloselyranked peoplewillwalkandmeettheirneighbours downtowneventslikeartfestivalsalsobringcitizenstogether narrow tree linedstreetsare trafficcalm withslowerspeedlimits toencouragebicyclingandwalking moreover housingincelebrationincludesbothsingle andmulti familyhousesthatencouragesocialization apartmentbuildingsarelocatedclosetodowntown andhousesarebuiltclosetogetherwithsmallyards theyfeatureentrancehallstoencouragecitizenstosocialize 返回目录 技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构 manyaspectsofthatkindofdesignarereallyaimedatmaximizingsocialcommunicationbetweencitizens notjustonthestreetsbutalsoincommunityinstitutionsthatareverymuchpartofpubliclifethere saysandrewross anewyorkuniversityprofessorwholivedincelebrationforoneyear utopiancommunitiessuchascelebrationarealsodesignedwithenvironmentalprotectioninmind thetownitsel