without用法.doc

Without 用法一、基本用法1. （表否定）没有，无，不需。如：The letter was posted without a stamp. 那封信没贴邮票就寄出去了。We got there without any trouble. 我们到了那儿，一路上没遇到任何麻烦。Youll get wet if you go out in the rain without an umbrella. 雨天外出不带伞会淋湿的。2. （用在no, not, never等否定副词之后，强调肯定）没有不，没有则不能，每必定。如：You cant get rich without taking risks. 人不冒险不富。The old man cannot walk without a stick. 那位老先生离开手杖就走不了路。Dont go out without a coat: youll catch your death. 别不穿外套出去，会得重感冒的。3. （与-ing形式连用）不，无，没。如：She entered the room without knocking. 她没敲门就进了房间。They had to stand for hours without changing position. 他们得一动不动地站几个小时。It wasnt very polite of you to serve yourself without asking. 你也不问一声就自己吃起来是不太礼貌的。4. （表条件）若无，若非。如：I dont like to go to a country without knowing something of the language. 我要是不懂得一点那个国家的语言，就不想到那个国家去。Without water, we cannot live. 没有水，我们就活不了。Can you see without your glasses? 你不戴眼镜能看得清东西吗？二、作表语的用法without引出的介词短语通常用作状语，但有时也可用作表语。如：She is completely without shame. 她恬不知耻。My investigations were without result. 我的调查毫无结果。The houses in this village are without water. 这个村子里家家户户都没有自来水。三、后接复合宾语的用法without后接复合宾语的常用结构如下：1. without+宾语+副词Id be lost without you here. 没有你在这儿，我会一筹莫展。Im very near-sighted without my glasses on. 我要是不戴眼镜十分近视。2. without+宾语+介词短语Wed be better off without them as neighbors. 要是没有这些邻居，我们就过得更愉快了。I dont like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it. 我不喜欢加糖的咖啡，里边不加糖我更喜欢。3. without+宾语+动名词Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 无人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。They debated for hours without a decision being taken. 他们争论了几个小时，也没作出决定。4. without+宾语+不定式Without anyone to help, how can we go on? 没有人帮忙，我们怎么能进行下去?It was boring to sit there without anything to do. 无所事事地坐在那里太无聊了。5. without+宾语+过去分词Without another word exchanged, they started off. 没有再交谈一句，他们就出发了。1. in the beginning是单独使用作时间状语的. e.g. In the beginning, I couldnt understand what you said. at the beginning of +名词， 表示在什么事情的刚开始的时候。 e.g. At the beginning of my speech, Id like to share with you a picture.2. 当first和firstly作副词用的时侯，如果“用于分开并依次列举所述各点”时，是没有什么区别的，可以替换。 e.g. First(ly),Ill mention the advantages,then Ill mention the disadvantages. 但当用于修饰行为动词时，则只能用first. e.g. I must ask my parents first When did you first go to the country?另外有一点小区别如下：first 更常用于做某事的步骤; at first 常用于讲述事情的起初;first of all 常用于提出观点的开头语.in the end 是从时间概念上讲的，而 at the end 是从方位或距离上讲的。这两词组后面都要跟上介词 of ，来表示某一时间或某一地点的终点。by the end of的意思是“到.末为止”，一般是指时间。含有此做时间状语的句子最好用完成时态，如过去完成时（到过去某个时间点结尾为止）/现在完成时（到现在为止）/将来完成时（到将来某个时刻结束为止）。at the side of 在.的旁边on the other side of 在.的另一边，在.的对面at Christmason Christmas dayat，表示时刻等具体的“时间的1点”on，表特定的日子或星期几“1日