lesson three at war with the planet.ppt.ppt

atwarwiththeplanet barrycommoner lessonthree backgroundinformation barrycommoner 1917 barrycommoner bornmay28 1917 brooklyn n y u s biologistandeducator hestudiedatharvarduniversityandtaughtatwashingtonuniversityandqueenscollege barrycommonerisaformerqueenscollegeprofessorandearlyenvironmentalist majorworks scienceandsurvival newyork viking 1966 theclosingcircle nature man andtechnology newyork knopf 1971 thepovertyofpower energyandtheeconomiccrisis newyork randomhouse 1976 thepoliticsofenergy newyork knopf 1979 makingpeacewiththeplanet newyork pantheon 1990 sorcerer sapprentice heaccidentallyfloodedthesorcerer shousebecausehelearnedtomakeabroomfetchwaterbutnothowtomakeitstop nuclearplantaccident chernobyldisaster 切尔诺贝利灾难 切尔诺贝利核电站位于乌克兰北部 距首都基辅只有140公里 它是原苏联时期在乌克兰境内修建的第一座核电站 曾几何时 切尔诺贝利是苏联人民的骄傲 被认为是世界上最安全 最可靠的核电站 1986年4月26日的一声巨响彻底打破了这一神话 核电站的第4号核反应堆在进行半烘烤实验中突然发生失火 引起爆炸 据估算 核泄漏事故后产生的放射污染相当于日本广岛原子弹爆炸产生的放射污染的100倍 爆炸使机组被完全损坏 8吨多强辐射物质泄露 尘埃随风飘散 致使俄罗斯 白俄罗斯和乌克兰许多地区遭到核辐射的污染 environment environmentalprotection detailedanalysis abridge tomakeshorterbyusingfewerwordsthestorywasabridgedfromtheoriginalwork hedecidedtoabridgehisstayhereafterhereceivedaletterfromhome watershed aneventmarkingauniqueorimportanthistoricalchangeofcourse landmark turningpointleavingherfirstjobwasawatershedinherlife hervisittoindiaprovedtobeawatershedinherlife assuch inandofitself 本身 确切地说wealth assuch doesn tmattermuch 财富本身并不重要 heighten makesthhigherorgreaterindegreeheightensb sawarenessprofitmargin 成本与销售之差额 remedy torelieveorcure adiseaseordisorder dealwithaproblem orimproveabadsituation cure methodusedforputtingsththatiswrongrightbeyondremedywithoutremedy sustainabledevelopmentafforestation plantinglargeareaswithtrees植树造林desertification ecosphere instigate serveastheincitingcausefor promote inspiretheantigovernmentgangstersinstigatedarebellion counterattack anattackmadeinreplytoanattackbytheenemy attain succeedindoingorgettingattainto reachorarriveatattaintoperfectionattainablemotivate motivation outlineoftheessay part1 1 introduction peoplelivein2worlds naturalworldandourownworld part2 2 5 whyarethetwoworldsatwar part3 6 9 dealwiththefirstlawoftheecosphereandthelawgoverningtherelationshipbetweenman madeobjectandthesurroundings part4 10 11 theclosedcyclicalprocessofecosphereandthelinearprocessoftechno sphere part5 12 14 theconsistentandharmoniousnatureofecosphereascontrastedtotherapidchangeandvariationofthetechno sphere part6 15 16 theconsequencesoffailureoftheecosphereandthetechno sphere part7 17 21 thedangerforustotakesidespart8 22 23 theimportanceofinterplay part1 1 introduction peoplelivein2worlds naturalworldandourownworld drought continuousdryweathercausingdistress wantofrain dragonking thegodofrain exempt toreleasefromobligationexcept toleaveout omitheisexemptfrompunishmentaboutthisthing 关于此事对他已免予处分 noadmittanceexceptonbusiness 非公莫入 part2 2 5 whyarethetwoworldsatwar breach n breakingorneglect gap v makeagapinifyoubreachanagreement alaworapromise youbreakit violate portend v toserveasanomenorawarningof beasignorwarningofblackcloudsportendastorm 乌云是暴风雨的前兆whatdothesestrangeeventsportend 这些奇怪的事件预示着什么 portent n 预兆 征兆portentous预示的 不祥的 奇特的 portentously unwitting unknowing unaware unintentionalunwittinglyweareunwittingvictimsoftheunfairsystem ifeelsorryformyunwittinginterruptionoftheirprivateconversation exert exercise puttousehisteachingsstillexertastronginfluence youwillhavetoexertyourselfmoreifyouwanttopassyourexam govern directorstronglyinfluencethebehaviorof ruleyoushouldgovernyourtemper governedbysupplyanddemand priceistheinvisiblehandineconomics 在经济生活中 价格是看不见的手 取决于供给和需求关系 tamperwith 干预 干涉 interferewithdonottamperwithmyaffairs interfere meddle someonetamperedwiththedocumentsonmydesk 篡改 fluctuate varyirregularly beunstable haveupsanddownsthestockmarketfluctuatesallthetime theoldmanfluctuatedbetweenhopeandfear pricesfluctuatefromyeartoyear beaccustomedto beusedtomundane ordinaryandcommonplace veryordinaryandthereforenotinteresting现世的 世俗的 宇宙的 expedition journeyorvoyageforadefinitepurpose远征 earthfromthemoon decorate makesomethingbeautifulswirl theshapeofsomethingrotatingrapidly turninginaspinningmotion fleecy softandwooly orlookinglikethisfleecyclouds如絮的白云fleecyhair柔软的头发spectacular attractingpublicattention 壮观的 overt doneorshownpubliclyorinanobviousway notsecret 公然的 公开的 overtcriticismovertracism covert hiddenorsecret disguisedthrust pushsuddenlyandviolentlymisleading givingawrongimpression catastrophe bigdisaster flood earthquakeandfire materialize comeintobeing becomereality happen appear ozonehole esoteric 秘密的 秘传的veryunusual understoodorlikedbyonlyasmallnumberofpeople especiallythosewithspecialknowledge beyondtheunderstandingofmostpeople register record showorexpresssthradioactivity residue 剩余物 noxious harmfulblanket blanket coverasifwithablanket formablanket likecoversnowblanketedthefield carcinogenic 致癌的 synthetic 人工制造 合成化学 pesticide niche thespecificspaceoccupiedbyanorganismwithitshabitat suitableorfittingposition 生物小环境 hefoundtherightnicheforhimself 他为自己找到一份称心的工作 nichemarket就是指 小众市场 massmarket 大众市场 resident adjandnoun residing 居住的 居民 residentpopulation grandiose plannedonalargescale imposing dryup nolongeravailablebountiful generousandabundantbountifulharvest contaminate makedirtyandimpurediminish makelessinstigate incite 鼓动 煽动 partthree 6 9 thispartdealswiththefirstlawoftheecosphereandthelawgoverningtherelationshipbetweenman madeobjectsandthesurroundings elaborate carefullypreparedandfinished complicated 复杂的 精致的 aquatic growinginornearwater nourish improve makestrong define showclearlyprecede comeorgobefore aquaticecosystem imposeondenselypackedlosangeles salable fitforsalesaleablebrake 刹车 accommodate tofindaplacefor haveenoughspaceforarethereenoughshelvestoaccommodateallourbooks aflatcanaccommodateafamilyoffive theguestsarewellaccommodated 待客周到 trafficlane afflictandinflict afflict causegreatunhappinessfor distress beafflictedwith by 使折磨 折磨 inflict imposesomethingunpleasant 强加于 shewasafflictedbythedeathofherparents famineandwarstillafflictmankind 饥荒与战争依旧给人类带来痛苦 don tinflictyourideasonme 别把你的想法强加于我 afflict causebodilyormentaltroubletofeelmuchafflictedby atthenewslimousine property specialqualityhostile unfriendlysmog mixtureoffogandsmoke 烟雾 smog freeair farm clash conflict disagreementsole only agronomist urge stronglyrecommendyield amountproduced生产量 inproportionto berelativetotheroomiswideinproportiontoitsheight progressively advancinginamountorintensity moreandmore increasingly hiseyesightisbecomingprogressivelyworse 他的视力越来越差 thebankhasprogressivelyincreaseditsliquidity 银行逐渐地增加其流动资产 drain runorflowaway makedryaswaterflowsaway 耗尽 elevate liftup raise makehigherorbetterelevator part4 10 11 theclosedcyclicalprocessofecosphereandthelinearprocessoftechno sphere cyclical recurringincyclesrespire breatheinandout photosynthesis 光合作用 excrete 分泌 排泄 dischargewaste metabolize 新陈代谢 bacteria 细菌 mold真菌aquaticalgaeingest takein linear flush cleanandwash sewersystem 下水道 deplete useupdepletealakeoffishassault violentandsuddenattack sustain keepup maintainmakeasustainedeffortsustainabledevelopment part5 12 14 theconsistentandharmoniousnatureofecosphereascontrastedtotherapidchangeandvariationofthetechno sphere consistentwith inagreement regularwhatyousaynowisnotconsistentwithwhatyousaidlastweek consistency 一贯 一致 compatiblewith abletoexistandperforminharmoniousoragreeablecombination agreeable 兼容的 thisprinteriscompatiblewithmostmicrocomputers 这台打印机是与大多数微型电子计算机兼容的 trialanderror processofsolvingaproblembytryingvarioussolutionsandlearningfromone sfailures 反复试验 learnbytrialanderror sector branch partofacircle 扇形 部门 becomposedof bemadeupoftune adjustforbetterfunctioning adapt makesuitableadaptationtotheenvironmentleavetoone sowndevices toallowtodoasonepleases parentsshouldleavetheirchildrentotheirowndevicesforanhourintheafternoon conservative opposedtogreatandsuddenchangesadjust regulate makesuitablerelentless withoutpity horse drawncarriage model tcar array anorderlyarrangementmodify makechanges makedifferentcarsandaircraft quillpen penmadefromabird sfeathertypewriter wordprocessor syntheticorganicchemistry 人工合成工业 innocuous causingnoharm harmlesssomemushroomslookinnocuousbutareinfactpoisonous departfrom goaway leaveimitativenylon enzyme 酶 biodegradable 可生物分解的 discard throwaway giveup putasideoceanographer 海洋学家 cordage cordsandropesintruder 入侵者 alienintruder shorthand 速记 beshorthandfor beashorterbutlessclearwayofsayingsthpetrochemical 石化 industry insidious doingharmsecretly 暗中为害的 aninsidiousdiseasealien part6 15 16 theconsequencesoffailureoftheecosphereandthetechno sphere withrespectto concerningdistort pull twistoutoftheusualshape giveafalseaccountofdistortion 歪曲 扭曲 atfirstglance oninitialconsideration atfirstsight freeofmistakes gravefaults seriousfaultsgenerateelectricityemit giveoff discharge pollutant 污染物 amountto addupto beequalto 总计 等于 resultant 结果的 acknowledge confess admitthetruthofunmet notsatisfiedorfulfilledmortgage 抵押 tolerable fairlygoodcancel crossout 取消 incontrast disseminate v distributeorspreadwidely 传播 散布 dissemination n toxic poisonousenvelop wrapup cover part7 17 21 thedangerforustotakesides transfer 迁移 调动 转移 negativetransfer 负迁移 positivetransfer 正迁移 theheadofficehasbeentransferredfromyorktolondon innovate makechanges introducenewthingsinnovationinnovative intermsof withregardto fromthepointofviewofinterplay theactionoreffectoftwoormorethingsoneachotherconventionaltakesides tosupportoneperson group oropinionoveranother combat fighting struggleacombatmission 战斗任务 combatant adjandnoun atthecostofintermsofmediate actasgo betweenorpeacemaker 斡旋 concoct preparebymixingtogether invent 混合配制 编造 虚构 allot makeadistributionof decideaperson sshareof 分配 摊派 parody apoorandweakimitationdeadl