硕士,学士论文--美国动画电影的后殖民研究——以《风中奇缘》、《花木兰》为研究案例.pdf

成都理工大学 硕士学位论文 美国动画电影的后殖民研究 以 风中奇缘 花木兰 为研究案例 姓名 马菡 申请学位级别 硕士 专业 外国语言学及应用语言学 指导教师 罗亦君 郑欢 20100401 美国动画电影的后殖民研究美国动画电影的后殖民研究 以 风中奇缘 花木兰 为研究案例 以 风中奇缘 花木兰 为研究案例 摘摘 要要 动画既是影视艺术的文本 又是文化传承的载体 在全球化的浪潮中 动 画电影在世界范围内广泛传播 而在这其中美国的动画影片毫无疑问占据了主 导 统治地位 为越来越多的受众所喜爱 显示出了强大的吸引力 亲和力和 感召力 随着美国动画电影在全球的放映 美国也将自己的文化价值观传播到 世界各地 然而 随着文化研究的又一次兴起 越来越多的学者意识到美国的 动画电影是美国流行文化的重要组成部分 不能再被看作仅仅是给儿童的娱乐 尽管他们通常被贴上 纯洁 健康 童真 的标签 但是这类流行文化却在潜 移默化中对人们的思想意识 文化价值观念产生着持久而巨大的影响 因此 动画电影所具有的实现话语权力和文化霸权的能力不容忽视 它实际上是一种 比其他话语更容易施加权力和控制意识的话语形式 文章以动画电影承载的文化作为研究的突破口 运用后殖民文化理论对美 国动画影片进行分析和研究 调查发现 国内外现有的关于美国动画电影的理 论研究主要集中在两个方面 一方面是对美国动画电影的制作技术和电影的产 业发展的研究 另一方面是在与日本 欧洲和中国比较下 研究美国动画电影 的艺术特点和其体现的美国核心文化 然而 本文所要探讨的美国动画影片在 后殖民视野中的文化特点 文化本质 产生这一文化本质的原因等 则只是在 一些理论文章中零碎地被涉及 因此 本文作者认为 在已经呈现出明显全球 化语境的当代社会下 用后殖民理论来考察美国动画影片具有重要的理论价值 也有利于对当前中国文化的发展和输出的实际反思 在绪论部分 本文首先对动画电影的概念进行了界定 接着 本文简略评 述了目前国内外对美国动画电影的研究现状 在此基础之上 作者对本文研究 的目的和意义作了阐述 本文主题结构采用案例分析 由现象到本质 由个别到一般的逻辑线索串 联各章 共分为五章进行论述 第一章为文献综述 这一章主要讨论了后殖民主义的涵义 简略勾勒了其 主要发展史 此外 作者对后殖民主义的三位代表人物及其主要观点进行了阐 述 第二章为后殖民理论下美国动画电影的文化特点 本章首先对电影与文化 的关系进行了探讨 接着 分析了动画电影对流行文化的反映 作者认为 正 iv v 是电影与文化的错综复杂的关系形成了特殊的电影文化 在第二节中 从电影 文化的角度出发 文章归纳了美国动画电影的后殖民文化特点 作者认为 美 国动画电影通过拿来主义任意地扭曲 改变他国的文化 将美国的核心文化和 价值观植入其中 并通过电影向他国人民传播和灌输 这也正是后殖民理论所 关注和研究的 第三章为后殖民理论下美国动画电影的文化本质 在本章节中 作者以 风 中奇缘 和 花木兰 为案例 用后殖民理论对美国动画电影进行分析 通过 对后殖民语境中两部影片的人物角色 服饰 语言的使用 以及情节与历史和 原著的比较 本章解读出隐藏在美国动画影片中的文化殖民 凭借其在经济 政治 文化方面的力量 任意塑造他者形象 丑化他者 利用话语权力和文化 挪用美化美国形象 宣扬美国精神 最后 本章根据上述分析探索美国动画影 片的在后殖民时期的文化本质 文化霸权 因为 既然包括动画电影在内的 一切文化形式 都是在一定的社会文化系统内创造 产生出来的 那么美国动 画电影中也必然渗透着一定的文化 有着意识形态的因子 第四章为后殖民理论下美国文化霸权产生的原因 本章进一步考察了美国 动画电影所反映出的文化霸权同美国历史 社会心理 政治经济和文化信念等 的联系与互动 在上述分析之后 文章第五章提出对美国动画电影的文化反思 首先 本章探讨了如何在全球化语境中客观地欣赏美国动画电影 在此基础之 上 重新认识我国自身文化的意义和价值 重视我国文化的保护 发展与传播 在结语部分 本文得出结论 尽管在全球化语境下 但从后殖民理论出发 我们不难看出美国动画电影具有文化霸权主义 而研究美国动画电影的文化霸 权的意义在于 对我国传统文化的保护和发展引起重视 开拓我国文化输出的 道路 美国动画电影二十世纪 90 年代初以来大举进入我国并被我国观众所接受 如今 美国动画电影在很大程度上已促成了我国观众的衣食住行 甚至价值观 的改变 表面上美国动画电影似乎是一个无国界的 纯真 健康的世界 但其 在故事的叙述中涉入一个他者的文化深层 而实际上这样的他者却不复存在 因而其勾勒的世界是想象的世界 更确切地说 是美国人的世界 本文认为 面对美国动画电影的文化霸权 其软性的文化渗透 首先我们 应该对其文化渊源有深入了解 在此基础之上 立足于传统发展我国文化 使 其时代化 同时 借鉴美国的方式方法 通过电影和其他艺术形式与世界进行 文化交流 输出我国优秀文化 关键词 美国动画电影 后殖民主义 文化霸权 post colonial study of american animated films cases of pocahontas and mulan abstract the animated film is not only one of the text forms of film but also the carrier of cultural inheritance in the trend of globalization there is no doubt that american animated films obtain the dominant position in the field across the globe and show great attraction affinity and appeal to the audience at the same time they inevitably spread american culture over the world however with cultural studies flourishing again in the world a growing number of scholars have been aware that american animated films as an important component of popular culture can not be seen merely as the entertainment for children a matter of course because it is always marked as health and innocence people usually focus only on its appearance but ignore its essence however this kind of popular culture greatly impacts people s thought values and ideology unconsciously its capability to implement discourse power and cultural hegemony can t be ignored by us it is actually a discourse form more easily than other forms to impose power on people and control thought of people this thesis takes culture contained in american animated films as a breakthrough point to the research through the investigation to the related works the author finds that most of studies about the u s animated films are concentrated on two aspects one focuses on its production technology and operational strategy the other emphasizes the manifestation of american core culture and its artistic characteristics compared with the animated film of other countries but until now the professional study of american animated films from the perspective of post colonialism has not yet developed this paper aims to do something for making up this theoretic gap the author thinks that in the context of globalization to examine the american animated film culture is advantageous in clearly recognizing its cultural essence and conducive to the current development and exportation of chinese culture therefore the topic itself has some theoretical and practical significance in the introduction after defining the animated film the author briefly summarizes the degree and actuality of the animated film study then the author points out the research object purpose and its value this chapter provides the i theoretic basis for the farther discussion in the later chapters of the thesis the main body of this thesis is divided into five parts chapter one is about literature review this chapter discusses the definition of post colonialism and briefly summarizes its historical development then the author presents the main views of the three representatives of post colonialism chapter two discusses the cultural features of american animated films with post colonial theories firstly the author sums up the connotation of culture and popular culture then after analyzing the relationship between culture and film the author points out that the animated film as one part of popular culture has its cultural influence finally the author discusses the cultural feature of american animated film in post colonial stage and summarizes it into two points 1 internationalized theme 2 americanized spirit and value standard american animated films arbitrarily distort other countries cultures by take ism deeply hide its own culture and value in the films this just matches the post colonial cultural criticism in chapter three the main topic is the cultural essence of american animated films to do so the author takes the representative films pocahontas and mulan as examples and does thorough detailed analysis with post colonial theories firstly through analysis of image design the author reveals american animated films make every effort to set up the image of the other that is the representation of their racial discrimination and white centrism secondly the author discusses the other s aphasia american animated films take advantage of the relationship between language and culture to weaken or distort the oriental culture making the other loses its culture so as to lose the basis and proof of its self identity confirmation in addition the author analyzes cultural appropriation in this kind of films by this way americans make the audiences of the world take the stories narrated in the films for granted and follow the way of americans at last the author concludes the cultural essence of american animated films which is to propagate american culture and value in other words it is american cultural hegemony chapter four discusses the causes of american cultural hegemony from the historical political economical and cultural aspects after these explorations chapter five focuses on the solution that chinese should do facing american animated films invasion as a result the author proposes some strategies for protecting chinese culture and strengthening output of chinese culture in epilogue the author arrives at that american animated films are an important ii token of its cultural hegemony this research the author thinks can be reconsideration to development of chinese culture from 1990s american animated films have changed the taste thought lifestyle and value of our chinese young audiences facing this condition and the context of globalization the author proposes chinese should recognize and re valuate own traditional culture and then carry on cultural output through all possible channels no longer be silent no longer be the nihility no longer be colonized by the culture of the west keywords american animated films post colonialism cultural hegemony iii 独创性声明 本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的 研究成果 据我所知 除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外 论文中不包含其 他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果 也不包含为获得 成都理工大学 或其他教 育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料 与我一同工作的人员对本研究所做的任何 贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意 学位论文作者签名 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解 成都理工大学 有关保留 使用学位论文的规定 有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘 允许论文被查阅和 借阅 本人授权 成都理工大学 可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数 据库进行检索 可以采用影印 缩印或扫描等复制手段保存 汇编学位论文 保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书 学位论文作者签名 学位论文作者导师签名 年 月 日 acknowledgements three years ago i came back to cdut to study for the master degree three years later i have finished the thesis and try to make a summary here i must say that i benefit in the process and the three year experience here helps me a lot and i believe i have learned the skills for my future academic career completing the thesis is by no means easy which involves a whole year s hard work as always i would particularly like to thank my supervisors professor luo yijun professor zheng huan and professor liu yongzhi for their enthusiastic encouragement and excellent and critical guidance they are experts in this field professor luo yijun has provided me with a series of important readings on different schools of thoughts and perspectives in contemporary cultural studies which have laid a solid foundation for my research in the whole process of writing he also gives me his insightful advice and unremitting instruction on my thesis professor zheng huan and professor liu yongzhi provide suggestion to me and often show their timely concern about my dissertation without their perspiration and inspiration i could not bring up such a piece of work moreover their scrupulous attitude in doing research and teaching and their kindness to students leaves me a deep impression which will benefit me a lot for my whole life and at the same time i am really indebted to professor he dashun professor li wuquan professor luo runtian professor kong fanjin professor duan chang professor wang huizhou professor pan yanfang and professor zhu yan who instructed me over the past three years their wonderful lectures enhance my interest in linguistics as well as inspire my academic view last of all i am truly grateful to my family and my friends for their love and encouragement which have supported me so much zhao jiuyang huang lin cheng jiahuang liu haibo hu yuejian and duan jinjin are in particular we talked a lot about my thesis and they offered me so much useful advice i could not thank them more introduction introduction animation is 动画 in chinese its origin anima in latin means soul animare means giving life to or vitalization though there are different views about the definition of animation most scholars have reached consensus on one point that animation produced by frame record is one kind of medium combined with audio visual media to create an illusion of movement this kind of medium itself has the attribute which lets it may be one independent means of expression be an art meanwhile animation also has many different types but it is generally accepted that animated films have two things in common one is that images are recorded by frame in the film strip the recording tape or digital information the other is that motion illusion of images is created rather than originally existing the motion of animated films comes from subtle changes and differences between every film frame and its previous and next frame for the animated film a more fundamental principle is that the motion illusion of the image is created because the effect created between the pictures is more important than the effect of each standard picture animated films have a long history of development since entering civilization human beings desire of showing the animals action and the course of time has been represented through a variety of image records french archaeologists prudhommeau pointed out in 1962 that there were the series of bison running action decomposition maps on cave walls in stone age until the 19th century does the modern animated film appear due to the invention of magic disc and phenakistiscope in 1892 emil renault shows the earliest animated film with praxinoscope invented by his own this ultimately makes a prototype for the animated film but the real animated film is produced 10 years after the birth of live action film humorous phases of funny faces 1906 produced by j stuart blackton is recognized as the world s first animated film the first animation company around the world sets up in new york in 1913 since then mainstream animated films have developed in the united states walt disney joins the animation industry in the early 20th century the u s animation industry has moved toward prosperity and developed until now compared with the long history of animation art and the animated film theories on the animated film are quite weak although animated films as feature films documentaries and other film categories are also one of film types it lies in the 1 成都理工大学硕士学位论文 relative edge position among mainstream american films in the past long period of time spending time and money complicated manufacture and rich artistic personality because of crossing and integrating the two major areas of painting and film these factors of the animated film to some extent inevitably pose obstacles to its study of theories in most famous books on film theory the animated film is rarely involved even it is occasionally been mentioned there are scattered and experienced descriptions the lack of related theories of animation remains in the present existing theories of animated films at home and abroad focus on three aspects production technology of animated films the relationship between animated films and children s psychology development of animated film industry this paper will discuss the cultural essence of the animated film from the prospective of post colonial theories its social and cultural roots and impacts and so on these are only involved in piecemeal in some of theoretical articles in cultural studies of animation the existing theoretical results include the following firstly american scholars robert hodge and david tripp in children and television a semiotic study of methods regarded the animation as a complex semiotic system they think that the audience s addiction to the animated film lies in being attracted by symbols of aesthetics narrative and other kinds secondly american scholar slater in visual communication pointed out that animated film is a symbol of pop culture the themes seen in the animation reflect shared values and beliefs of that culture at the time finally american scholar douglas kellner held in media culture that animated films as an important contemporary american media culture provide resources to produce meaning pleasure and identification and also form or shape a particular of identity in addition the film disseminates those materials to impart a specific position on the audience the research about american animation and post colonial cultural context is still in the blank specific to the research of american animated films the main focus is on the text level analysis of plastic arts narrative technology and other aspects there are many related articles including guidance for south park liza zeidner 2000 comment on waking life dennis lim 2002 musical film fantasia danny boyle 1984 behind the disappearance race and gender in american cartoon films liu hongyu 2004 on the post modernistic change in american cartoon movies wang xueqin 2006 animation classic case study on the u s role modeling zhang jing 2008 and so on but from the view of post colonialism the research 2 introduction 3 about american animation as a whole is still unsystematic and need to be developed based on the analysis above the paper takes the post colonial theory as the breakthrough point to study american animated films especially mulan and pocahontas so as to make a comprehensive analysis of the cultural essence of american animated films since the late 70s american animated films have had disruptive changes in styles type models and other various aspects especially in cultural connotations it has become a cultural force which can t be ignored nowadays american culture radiates the whole world for many countries it is an indisputable fact that the local culture and american culture coexist which is composed by sports movies music with especially obvious american characteristics as it shew around the world american animated films must play the role of building dissemination and presentation of american culture so it has important theoretical value to study american animated films in the post colonial context i also think that the study on the american animated film from the post colonial perspective has certain academic significance for interpreting the essence of american culture and strengthening our cultural protection and exportation firstly the perspective of post colonial cultural context helps to macroscopically grasp the overall trend of culture and cultural industries in modern american society to more clearly highlight the essential characteristic of the object american animated films secondly this perspective also helps to clarify various reasons caused the essence of american animated films and their mutual relations at last the post colonial study of american animated films is beneficial to reflections on the actually present condition of china s cultural development and cultural industries and beneficial to chinese cultural protection and exportation this thesis uses an integrated method for research case analysis induction and other ways after briefly reviewing post colonial theories the paper analyzes the relationship between film and culture to reveal the features of american animated films with post colonialism then it uses case study to analyze the u s post colonial cultural essence reflected in the animated films in addition it points out with induction the causes of contemporary american cultural essence on this basis the thesis puts forward the necessity and possibility of china s cultural output and then applies the method of integrating theory with practice to discuss the strategies and significance of the cultural output 成都理工大学硕士学位论文 chapter one literature review post colonialism has been popular since the 1990s and has become on