(英语语法)英语核心语法总结(1).doc

张岩群英语资料分享目录一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）1二、不定式5三、动词的时态和语态29一般现在时的特例29一般过去时的注意点30一般将来时的注意点30四、非谓语动词31五、复合式谓语41六、动词的虚拟语气45七、状语从句501、时间状语从句502.地点状语从句523、原因状语从句524条件状语从句535让步状语从句546目的状语从句547结果状语从句55一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object宾语补足语 object complement表语 predictive定语 attributive状语 adverbialWARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）I八大成分的概念和构成If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见） 形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）2谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。I have a dream.You dont always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）3宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。You dont find opportunitiesyou make them.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。You probably wont hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式 形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）4表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)Time is money.Three oclock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词11）名词从句5补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词小品词10）名词从句主语补语Tom was made monitor.宾语补语I made Tom monitor.表语补语I am sure to succeed.This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of musicgood and bad.自古音乐分两种，好的和坏的。构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句7. 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句8. 状语：修饰词，短语，从句和整句。位置：自由自在。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家时，家才最感亲切。2）连接性状语：连接上下文（顺序，递进，转折，让步，结果，推论，比较）。First comes spring, then summer.Ive never been to America, therefore I dont know much about it.3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。II成分关系1补语跟着宾语表语跑：补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。To love others makes us happyto love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）We are made happy to love otherswe are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。2定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：定语，同位语修饰名词性形式Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）3谓语动词由状语修饰When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you wont come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星，可能一个也摘不下；但也不会一无所获。1、主语：(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesnt he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, arent they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)/ Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)2、谓语：(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：情态动词+时态助动词+语态助动词+主要动词(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He cant have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)二、不定式不定式作宾语 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如： I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back.即：主语动 词it补语to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介词but,except,besides+to do(do) 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TVIt is +adj.+ to do sth 句型It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容词of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money.impossible,necessary 等；stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式 ，如：Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. 2.动词+to do（作宾语）动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一个名词即可,能用此结构的动词有:决心decide determin学会learn想want希望expect wish hope,拒绝refuse设法manage strive愿care假装pretend,主动ofer答应promise选choose另外再加上afford to do sth 承担的起3. 在一些动词之后，可以在连接代词（what/who/which)或者连接副词（how/when/where)以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite)Show us what to do. (=what we must do)I dont know whether to answer his letter. (=此处不用if）4.不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,构成主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式Hefounditverydifficulttogettosleep.他发现很难入睡.句型四： 形容词+ to do sth of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用，modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词 It is wise of you not to agree with you.It is generous of him to lend me his car,不定式作状语 作目的状语在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen. (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。（too修饰glad to have，相当 于very） We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 too.to 的用法一、too. to. 的意义 too. to 句型形式上是肯定的，但是它在意义上却是否定的，表示太而不能。too 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，to 的后面接动词原形。too. to.句型是简单句。例如：He is too young to join the army. 他年龄太小，不能参军。二、动词不定式的逻辑主语动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时，The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out. 这道数学题太难我解不出来。三、too. to. 结构表达肯定的意义1. too 前面含有表示否定意义的词，如: not, never, nothing等时，too. to. 结构不表示否定的意义。例如：It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。(要学永远都不迟。)2. 如果在too. to.这种结构的前面出现了only, 不仅免去了too的否定意义，反而加强了too的肯定语气，only too 相当于very 或very much。例如：3. too后接表示感情的形容词，如glad, pleased, happy, sad等时，too. to.句型不再表示否定意义，而表示的是肯定意义。例如：He is too sad to hear the bad news. 听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。四、too. to. 结构与enough.to. 结构及so. that.结构的相互转换1. 将too.to.结构转换为enough. to. 结构时，要注意：(1) enough 前的形容词或副词应是too前面形容词或副词的反义词；(2) enough. to. 句式须用否定式；(3) too. to.结构有逻辑主语时，enough. to. 结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如：She is too young to do the work. = She isnt old enough to do the work. The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isnt easy enough for him to work out.2. 将too.to.结构转换为so. that. 结构时，要注意：(1) so. that. 结构是复合句，so 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，that的后面接从句。(2) that后面的从句要用否定形式。例如：She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she cant go to school.请同学们做做下列中考题，以便检验你对too. to.用法的掌握情况。变换下列句型：1. a. The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.b. The box is _ heavy_ _ _ carry. c. The box is not _ _ for me to carry.2. a. The maths problem isnt easy enough for me to work out. b. The maths problem is _ difficult _ I cant work it out.c. The maths problem is _ difficult _ _ _ work out. 3. a. The book is interesting enough foreverybody to read. b. The book is _ interesting_ everybody likes to readit. Keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light enough2. b. so, that c. too, for me to 3. b. so, that尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。 (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。 We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day. (4)help,know后面的to可有可无。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? Ive never known her(to)be late before.wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 二、作宾语 动名词作宾语 以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. 动名词作介词的宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech? 动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。 部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。 在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。 在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Dont forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味着 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. try to do 设法尽力做某事 doing 试着做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. cant help doing 禁不住 to do不能帮助干 They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I cant help to make up the room for you. go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续 He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语） doing停下某事 Its time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表语 动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例），不定 式说明主语的内容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。 四、作定语动名词作定语 This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. All moving bodies have energy. 句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来的；第句为现在分词作定语，如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 动词不定式、动名词的其它用法 疑问词不定式结构 疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. 以上例句中疑问词不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：When we shall leave how I could learn hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。 动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态 一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在hope之后） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生） 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting. We are too young to have seen the old society. 进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如： The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in. They seemed to be discussing something important. (2)语态 如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如： Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.（不定式作主语） It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语） 在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) 动名词的时态、语态 (1)时态 一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如： We are interested in collecting stamps. I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.We are not afraid of dying. 完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： Lmagine having travelled on the moon. We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. (2)被动语态 如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，take to（养 成习惯，对感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于）等。三、动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态【to be continued】时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。 一般进行完成完成进行现在am, is , are, do, doesam/is/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing将来will/shall dowill/shall be doingwill/shall have donewill/shall have been doing过去was, were, did, v-edwas/were doinghad donehad been doing过去 将来would/should dowould/should be doingwould/should have donewould/should have been doing一般现在时的特例（1） Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 Duck has two legs. 鸭子有两条腿。 vMy father told me that the earth _(go) around the sun. 【goes】一般过去时的注意点在条件从句中表示与现在或将来事实相反的假设。（虚拟语气） IfIwereyou,Iwouldntaccepttheoffer. 如果我是你，我不会接受这个提议。Iwish,Its(high)time后that从句中，表示与现在或将来的事实相反的主观设想Itstimeyouwenttobed. 你该睡觉了。I wish I were a bird . 一般将来时的注意点l) “be going to+动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如： We are going to have a meeting today2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作；有时用一般现在时也可表示将来。例如： Im leaving for Beijingbegoingto的用法 2.表示“义务”、“应该”。(意思接近于should，must，oughtto，haveto) Youaretobebackby10oclock.你必须十点以前回来。 3. 表示“命运”,将来必然要发生的事,译作“注定”。如： Theworstisstilltocome. Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingtheywerenevertomeetagain. 四、非谓语动词非谓语动词（1）On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TVIt is +adj.+ to do sth 句型my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. 2.动词+to do（作宾语）动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一个名词即可,能用此结构的动词有:决心decide determin学会learn想want希望expect wish hope,拒绝refuse设法manage strive愿care假装pretend,主动ofer答应promise选choose另外再加上afford to do sth 承担的起3. 在一些动词之后，可以在连接代词（what/who/which)或者连接副词（how/when/where)以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite)Show us what to do. (=what we must do)I dont know whether to answer his letter. (=此处不用if）4.不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,构成主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式Hefounditverydifficulttogettosleep.他发现很难入睡.句型四： 形容词+ to do sthmodest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词 It is wise of you not to agree with you.It is generous of him to lend me his car,不定式作状语 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。too.to 的用法一、too. to. 的意义 too. to 句型形式上是肯定