The more comprehensive definition of research is研究的比较全面的定义是.ppt

themorecomprehensivedefinitionofresearchis researchisascientificundertakingwhich bymeansoflogicalandsystematizedtechniquesaimsto discovernewfactsorverifyandtestoldfactsanalyzetheirsequence interrelationshipsandcausalexplanationstheultimatepurposeofresearchisto fillingapsininformationfindanswerstoquestionssofarunexplained researchisthesystematiccollection analysis interpretationofdatatoansweracertainquestionorsolveaproblem characteristicsofresearch itdemandsaclearstatementoftheproblemitrequiresaplanitbuildsonexistingdata usingbothpositive negativefindingsnewdatashouldbecollectedasrequired beorganizedinsuchawaythattheyanswertheoriginalresearchquestions researchservestomajorpurposes first basicresearchisnecessarytogeneratenewknowledge technologysecond appliedresearchisnecessarytoidentifypriorityproblems todesign evaluatepolicies programs criteriaforselectingaresearchtopic relevanceavoidanceofduplicationfeasibilitypoliticalacceptabilityapplicabilityurgencyofdataneededethicalacceptability whatstimulatespeopletoundertakeresearch apersonmaybestimulatedtoundertakeresearchactivitiesbecauseof agenuineinteresttoaddtothebodyofknowledgeandunderstandingtocreateordevelopnew bettertoolsmethodsprogrammes equipmentsetc othersmayundertakeresearchasameansofearning alivelihoodabettercareerorposition anacademicdegreeorself gratification whylearnresearchmethodology whateverthereasonforundertakingresearch therightwayofdoingitshouldbelearnt nocountryisrichenoughtopermitwastage disorganizedpursuitsarewastefulandnotdesirable thisistruealsoinresearch nomatterwhatthereasonbeforundertakingaresearchwork theinvestigatorneedstolearn contd correctmethods systematic methodicalapproachinimportantforseveralreasons toobtainedtrue dependableinformationtoobtainedoptimumoutputinreturnfortheinputintermsofmoney material humanefforts timeinvestedinthework toallowrepeatability therebyverificationoffindings sequenceofstepsinaresearchwork thestepsinvolvedinaresearchusuallyhavethefollowingsequence problemidentification knowledgegatheringabouttheproblem andfindingthelacunaeintheexistingknowledge problemstatement precisestatementofresearchquestionsorhypothesis es formulation statementofobjectivesofresearch planningresearch selectionofresearchdesignandmethodology contd planningdatacollection datacollection dataanalysis interpretationoffindingsanddrawingofinferences writingresearchreportbasedonthedata disseminationofresearchfindingsthroughpublicationofreportorpresentationinaseminar thetotalprocessofresearchisanunendingcycle intruesenseitmaybeconsideredhelical becauseideasgeneratedfromoneresearchcanbefoodforthoughtandbasisforfurtherresearch aresearchableproblem p isonewhere discrepancybetweentheexpected e andtheactual a situationexists p e a thediscrepancyraisesquestions why andtherearemorethanonepossibleanswerstothequestions example ideallyweexpectthatallmothersshouldbreastfeedtheirinfantsforfulltwoyearsorevenlonger butactuallyfewmothersdosoi e thereisadiscrepancyintheactualtheexpectedbehaviourofmothers thereforewecansaythatproblemexists thisproblemraisesseveralquestions simpleonescouldbe q 1 whymothersdonotbreast feedtheirinfantsfor2yearorq 2 whatarethereasonsformothersdiscontinuingbreastfeedingearlierthan2years therecanbemorethanonepossibleanswerstothequestions mothersdonothaveenoughbreastmilkafterthefirstmonths mothershavesomeinfectionordiseaseofbreastsornipwhichhampersbreastfeedingforalongerduration thebabiesdonottoleratebreastmilkwell themothermayhaveatotaldislikeforbreastfeedingbabyandsoon somespecificreasonsforundertakingliteraturereview scientificliteratureissearched reviewedto better know understandthealreadyknownfacts concepts discoveredwhatisayetundiscoveredi e toidentyfiytheunansweredquestions gapsininformation avoidrepettitionofaworkalreadydone findoutabouttheresearchdesign universe population samplingunit samplwsize samplingtechnique methods proceduresusedbyothers learnaboutdifficulties problemsencountered howtheseweresolvedbyotherworkersdoingasimilarstudy contd criticallyanalysisreporteddatatodiscoverfallacies inconsistenciesaswellasstrengths notethefindingstheotherresearchesforcomparisonwiththefindingsoftheresearchinhand tipsonhowtodoagoodliteraturereview hereareafewtipsforthebeginner beselective scanthesummariesandabstractsofthearticlesfirstandthen liftorleave thejournaldependingonwhetherthematerialmeetsyourneeds takepromptnotes donotpostponenotetaking usesmallindexcardstotakenotesandwritejournalreferencesonthereverseside useonecardforeachreference arrangeandstorethecardscarefully youcanuseanemptyilitreicecreamboxforthispurpose thisstatementshouldincludeasummaryofinformationsoforgatheredbyhimon magnitudeoftheproblem timeframe whendoestheproblemoccur whichgeographicareaisaffectedmore whichpopulationgroupsareaffectedmore whataretheprobablereasonsfortheproblemtooccurorpersist aretherecontroversiesregardingthesereasons contd hasanyattemptbeenmadeinthepastforsolvingtheproblem ifyes whatresultswereobtainedandtowhatextenttheproblemwassolved whatremainstobesolved whataspectsoftheproblems havenotbeen studied inthepast relationshipofresearchquestionandhypothesis thereisoftenadebateonwhetheronewritesresearchquestionsorahypothesisforthestudy apparentlycontradictory theyareinfacttosidesofthesamecoin hypothesisarenothingbutthelogicalassumedanswerstotheresearchquestionsunderexploration asexampleletustaketheresearchquestion whymotherdonotbreastfeedtheirinfantsfor2years researchobjectivesmaybestatedas generalobjectiveultimateobjectiveandspecificobjectivesgeneralobjective generalobjectiveisashortstatementthattellsinasummaryformwhatwillbe was doneduringthestudy ultimateobjective astatementthattellsaboutthebenefits implicafions wisafionofstudyfindings ifandwhen theyareputtouse itcalledultimateobjective inotherwordsithisstatementtellsusaboutthesign ificanceofthestudyandhowitwillhelpinthepolicydecisions futureplanningoractionswithregardstotheproblem specificobjectives everyresearchworkinvolvesseveraltasks statementsthattellabouteachtaskthatwillbe was undertakenduringtheresearchwork aretermedasspecificobjectives someresearchjargons populationinresearchanaggregateofitems animateorinanimate havingcommontraitsistermedaspopulation thusmen ponds mangotrees cows houses schools hospitalsoracollectionofurineorbloodspecimensoranyotheritemmaybecomepopulationinresearchtermsdependinguponthenatureofresearch 2 sample thesubgroupofpopulationselectedforaninvestigationtogetanideaaboutthepopulationistermedassample 3 samplingframe alllistedunitsoritemsconstitutingthestudypopulationarecalledthesamplingframe 4 samplesize thenumberofpersonsorsamplingunitsselectedfromthepopulationofthestucl ycomprisethesamplesize 5 samplingunifteachmemberofthesampleisthesamplingunitorunitofanalysis samplingunitsa boutwhichinformationiscollectedmaybereferredtovariously dependinguponthenatureofstudy thefollowingtermsarecom man variable inaprecedingsectionwehavementionedthathypothesesarethebasisofresearch wehavedefinedhypothesesasstatementsofresearcher sassumptionsabouttherelationshipbetweenvariables itisessentialatthispointthatweunderstandthetermvariable variablesare characteristicsorattributesthatmayvaryfrompersontoperson placetoplace orfromtimetotime anybiological physical chemical social behavioralorenvironmentalcharacteristicscanbeconsideredasvariableinaresearch e g age parity temperature pressure phlevel education occupation knowledge skill habits ventilationetc thesearefactorswhichtheresearchersareofteninterestedtostudy accordingtotheirrole variablesmaybetermedasindependent dependentorintervening contd dependentvariablesarethevariablesthatareinfluencedbyothervariables inotherwordstheymaybetheresults effectoroutcome independentvariablesinfluence regulateorcausethedependentvariables notethestatementsbelow theoperationaldefinitionontheotherhand differsfromthedictionarymeaningandstatesthevariableinworkableandmeasurableterms oftentherearesomefactorsthatinfuenceboththeindependent dependentvariable therebymodify strengthofweaken theeffectofoutcome suchfactorsareknownasconfoundingvariables forexampleinastudyof effectofoccupationoncoronaryheartdisease whereoccupationisindependent coronaryheartdiseasedependentvariable ageisaconfoundingvariablebecause itinfuencesbothoccupation coronaryheartdiseasee contd tohaveunbiasedandgeneralisablefindings appropriatesamplingtechniquesandtherightsamplesizeareessential therearetwomainwaysofselectingasample 1 probabilitysampling2 nonprobabilitysampling1 probabilitysampling inthistechnique thesamplingunitsaresoselectedthateachunitinthesamplingframehasequalprobabilityofgettingincludedinthesample nounitreceivespreferenceovertheotherornounitisleftoutintentionallytotilttheresultsinthedirectionthattheresearcherismoreinclinedtoaccept contd probabilitysampling canbecarriedoutusinganyofthefollowingtechniques simplerandomsamplingsystematicsamplingstratifiedsamplingmultistagesamplingclustersamplingoftheabovefivetechniques thesimplerandomsampling srs ifcorrectlycarriedoutisthemostunbiasedtechnique theremainingfouraremodificationsadoptedwhensimplerandomsamplingishotpractical samplesize thenumberofsamplingunitsnecessaryforastudyhastobedeterminedpriortoimplementationofthestudy thisdecisionhastobetakenbytheresearcher aloneorbetterstillinconsultationwithastatistician thefollowingthreefactorswillinfluencethedecisionregardingthetotalnumberofsamplingunitsneededi e samplesize 1 rateofprevalenceinthepopulation ofthediseaseorconditiontobeinvestigated themoreprevalenttheconditionthefewerthehousesneededtobevisitedforcollectionofdataforthestudyandviceversa 2 sizeof standard erroracceptabletotheresearcher thesmallerthesizeoftheerroracceptabletotheresearcher thelargerthesamplesizeneededandvice versa contd 3 thedegreeofconfidencewhichtheresearcherwishestohaveinhisfindings thegreatertheconfidencetheresearcherdesiresinhisfindings thelargerthesamplesizehewillneedandviceversa statisticallythislevelofconfidenceisindicatedbythetermconfidenceintervalorconfidencelimits alltheabovepointscanbeshowninasimpleequationasfollows n z2 pxq d2herezistheconfidencelimit pistheprevalencerate qisi p orproportionofpersonsnotsufferingfromthedisease distheacceptablestandarderrorandnistherequiredsamplesize n scalesofmeasurementsquestion attributes characteristicsorkeyfactorsofinteresti e variablesinastudy maybeofdifferentnature thesevariablescanbemeasuredunderfourlevelsorscalesofmeasurementasfollows 1 nominalusedforcategoricalvariables2 ordinal3 intervalusedfornumericalvariables4 ratioeachofthesefourscalesisinascendingorderofpowerovertheprecedingone andissuitablefordifferenttypesofvariablesasshown questionsthatarenotrelatedtotheobjectivesoverburdenthequestionitisimportant tobesimpleandcleargkrb gvuipvjk k vuokwi qgkwe vw mrc dmiej jb say yourtubularaircontainerhaslostmostofitsrotundity pvjktwkej