初中英语名词用法小结.doc

复习名词-表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。一、 名词的分类 名词类 别意 义例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人或事物的词girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country集体 名词表示一群人或一些事物的词people, police, team, clothes, group, class不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质water, rice, paper, cotton抽象名词表示抽象概念的词fun, health, happiness, courage, love, danger注：1、专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称，其首字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 2、由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它不大写。3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且意思上也有了变化。eg. work- a work 一个工厂，一篇著作，glass-a glass一个玻璃杯，room空间-a room一个房间 4、可用“一分为二”的方法区分可数与不可数名词，即一分为二后不是原来的东西的就是可数名词；反之一分为二后还是原来的东西则为不可数名词。 二 、可数名词复数的变化： 表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。可数名词有单、复数两种形式，其复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种：1）规则变化当名词为：词尾变化读 音例 词一般情况加s在清辅音后读/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks在浊辅音或元音后读/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o结尾的单词加s或es/z/zoos, photos, radios, pianostomatoes, potatoes, heroes,以辅音字母+y结尾的单词去y 变i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries,以f 或fe结尾的单词去f或fe 变v 加 es/vz/leaves, wives, halves以th结尾的词加s/z/; /z/mouths, paths; months, deaths2）不规则变化 . 词干发生变化的词 eg. man-men, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice, child-children, chick-chicken . 单复数同形的词 eg. deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, . 由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数 eg. a man doctor men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers . 表示“某国人”的名词，单复数形式有以下三种：A. 单复数同形：Japanese-Japanese, Chinese-ChineseB. 词尾man变为men：Frenchman-Frenchmen, Englishman-EnglishmenC. 在词尾加“s”：German-Germans, American-Americans, Russian-Russians, Indian-Indians, Australian-Australians等等。 注意: (1). 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, scissors, socks, etc;(2). 有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, physics, politics, news三、不可数名词量的表达不可数名词量的表达可以用some，any，plenty of，（a）little，much，a lot of，a bit of等，还可借助单位词表示一定的数量，即“数词+单位词（如box， bottle，bag，kilo，pair，cup，glass，piece，bowl等）+of”。单位词可以是单数也可以是复数，of后面接不可数名词。例如：a bag of rice，a kilo of meat，a piece of bread等等。 四 、名词的所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系，主要有两种形式：1.有生命的东西在名词末尾加“s”。(1)一般名词或不规则的复数名词在词尾加“s”。如：Toms bike, Womens Day(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词加“”。如：the teachers office(3)一样的东西为两人或多人共有时，在最后一个名词后面加“s”。如：Tom and Mikes bike，而不表示共有时则在每个名词后面都加“s”。如：Toms and Mikes bikes。(4)复合名词或作为一个整体的词组的所有格只需在最后一个词后面加“s”。如：his mother-in-laws mobile phone。(5)表示店铺、住宅等时，名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。如：at the doctors, at the barbers, at the tailors, at Mr. Greens2.无生命的名词所有格用“of+名词”。如：the leg of the desk。注意：(1)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格也用“s”或“”表示。如：todays newspaper, the citys environment。(2)在表示所属的名词前面有冠词、代词、数词(如a/an, some, any, a few, this, those, your)等时，常用“of+所有格”表示双重所有格。如：some books of my fathers, a book of my brothers。(3)注意区分some photos of Mike和some photos of Mikes：前者指Mike本人的一些照片，而后者指Mike所拥有的一些照片(不一定是他本人的照片)。五、名词前修饰语的选择及顺序1.修饰可数名词单数的词有：a/an, one, every, each, another, many a, more than one等；修饰可数名词复数的词有：these, those, many, few, a few, several等；修饰不可数名词的词有：little, a little, a bit of, much等。既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的词有：some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large/small quantity of, half等。2.当名词前有多个词修饰时常按照“冠词-代词-数词-形容词-大小-新旧-颜色-国籍-材料”的顺序。如：Lily is the only one beautiful young American girl in our class.六、名词作定语1.名词作定语一律用单数形式。如：a flower shop, a shoe shop, two apple trees，但当man, woman作定语修饰名词时，若被修饰的名词为单数，则用单数；若被修饰的名词为复数，则用复数。如：man/woman doctor, men/women doctors；sport作定语时一般用复数，如：sports meeting, sports shoes。2.数词与名词连用作定语修饰另一名词时，可用连字符号连接构成复合形容词，且名词用单数；也可不用连字符号，但名词必须用相应的所有格。如：seven-day holiday (seven days holiday), five-minute walk (five minutes walk)。3.“数词-名词-形容词”构成的复合形容词作定语修饰名词，名词应用单数，且要有连字符号。如：a one-meter-long ruler, a 30-meter-high building。【练习】1. Could you please get me some _? Im hungry.A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg2. These _ have saved many childrens lives.A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor3. There are many_ on the mountain.A. apple tree B. apples trees C. apples tree D. apple trees4. This is _bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and JanesC. Annes and Jane D. Anne and Janes5. -Arethereany_onthefarm?-Yes,therearesome.A.horse B.duck C.dog D.sheep6. -Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem_?-Certainly.A.somebottlesofwaters B.somebottlesofwaterC.somebottleofwater D.somebottleofwaters7. Mikehurtoneofhis_intheaccidentyesterday.A.tooth B.feet C.hand D.ear8. The_hastwo_.A.boys;watches B.boy;watch C.boy;watches D.boys;watch9. -Wherehaveyoubeen,Tim?-Ivebeento_.A.theHenryhouseB.theHenryfamilyC.TheHenryshomeD.Henrys10. - Look at the photo, what a happy family!-Yes, its a photo _ my family.A. at B. for C. of D. in11. -How far is it from Tianjin to Changsha?- Its a _ flight from Tianjin to Changsha.A. 2-hour-long B. 2-hours-long C. 2 hour long D. 2 hours long12. - Excuse me, is the museum far from here?- No, its about _.A. 5 minutes walk B. 5 minute walk C. 5 minutes walk D. 5 minutes walk13. In China, we celebrate _ Day on June 1st and _ Day on September 10th.A. Childrens; Teachers B. Children; Teachers C. Childrens; Teachers D. Child; Teacher14. There is still _ orange juice in the fridge.A. some B. any C. few D. a few15. _ fathers cant go to the class meeting because they have gone on business.A. Jack and Mikes B. Jacks and Mikes C. Jack and Mike D. Jacks and Mike16. Swimming is _in summer.A .a great fun B. great fun C .great funs D .great a fun17. His father went to his doctor for _about his trouble.A .an advice B. some advice C advices D .the advices18. Hewentto_shoptobuyashirt.A.atailor B.thetailor C.atailors D.thetailors19. This pair of shoes _ mine. Your shoes _ over there.A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is20. Iveforgottenbothofthe_.2考英语阅读理解题的六大命题特点阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一项重要任务，也是中考的一项重要内容。中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同，要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。中考阅读理解的阅读材料的选取一般遵循三个原则：1.阅读文章不少于三篇，阅读量在1，000单词左右；2.题材广泛，包括科普，社会，文化，政治，经济等；3.体裁多样，包阔记叙文，说明文，应用文等。中考阅读理解考查的主要内容是：1.考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问方式是：1) Which is the best title of the passage?2) Which of the following is this passage about?3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that_。4) The passage tells us that_。5) This passage mainly talks about_。2.考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是：1) Which of the following is right?2) Which of the following is not mentioned?3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?4) Choose the right order of this passage。5) From this passage we know _。3.考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是：1) The word “ ” in the passage probably means _。2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _。3) In this story the underlined word “ ” means _。4) Here “it” means_。4.考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。此类题目主要考查的是句语句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：1) Many visitors come to the wr