关于整形的英文介绍,不得不看哦Plastic surgery.ppt

plasticsurgery madeby 张博阳付亚云 inrecentyears moreandmorepeople especiallysomeyounggirlschoosetotakeplasticsurgeries somepeoplearguethatthiskindofsurgerycanimproveone sappearance thussecureagoodjob othersholdadifferentopinion theyconsiderplasticsurgeryasawasteofmoney plasticsurgeryhistory plasticsurgeryisamedicalspecialtyconcernedwiththecorrectionorrestorationofformandfunction thoughcosmeticoraestheticsurgeryisthebest knownkindofplasticsurgery mostplasticsurgeryisnotcosmetic plasticsurgeryincludesmanytypesofreconstructivesurgery handsurgery microsurgery andthetreatmentofburns reconstructivesurgerytechniqueswerebeingcarriedoutinindiaby800bc sushruta 苏胥如塔 thefatherof indiansurgery madeimportantcontributionstothefieldofplasticandcataractsurgeryin6thcenturybc themedicalworksofbothsushrutaandcharakoriginallyinsanskritweretranslatedintoarabiclanguageduringtheabbasidcaliphatein750ad thearabictranslationsmadetheirwayintoeuropeviaintermediaries 5 initalythebrancafamily 6 ofsicilyandgaspare 加斯帕雷 tagliacozzi bologna博洛尼亚 becamefamiliarwiththetechniquesofsushruta britishphysicianstraveledtoindiatoseerhinoplasty 鼻整形 beingperformedbynativemethods reportsonindianrhinoplastyperformedbyakumharvaidyawerepublishedinthegentleman smagazineby1794 josephconstantinecarpuespent20yearsinindiastudyinglocalplasticsurgerymethods carpuewasabletoperformthefirstmajorsurgeryinthewesternworldby1815 instrumentsdescribedinthesushrutasamhitawerefurthermodifiedinthewesternworld auluscorneliuscelsus wholivedinthefirstcenturyad describedplasticsurgeryoftheface usingskinfromotherpartsofthebody theancientegyptiansandromansalsoperformedplasticcosmeticsurgery theromanswereabletoperformsimpletechniques suchasrepairingdamagedearsfromaroundthe1stcenturybc forreligiousreasons theydidnotdissecteitherhumanbeingsoranimals thustheirknowledgewasbasedinitsentiretyonthetextsoftheirgreekpredecessors notwithstanding auluscorneliuscelsusleftsomesurprisinglyaccurateanatomicaldescriptions 9 someofwhich forinstance hisstudiesonthegenitaliaandtheskeleton areofspecialinteresttoplasticsurgery in1465 sabuncuoglu sbook description andclassificationofhypospadiaswasmoreinformativeanduptodate localizationofurethralmeatuswasdescribedindetail sabuncuoglualsodetailedthedescriptionandclassificationofambiguousgenitalia citationneeded common inmid 15thcenturyeurope heinrichvonpfolspeundtdescribedaprocess tomakeanewnoseforonewholacksitentirely andthedogshavedevouredit byremovingskinfromthebackofthearmandsuturingitinplace however becauseofthedangersassociatedwithsurgeryinanyform especiallythatinvolvingtheheadorface itwasnotuntilthe19thand20thcenturiesthatsuchsurgerybecame upuntilthetechniquesofanesthesia 麻醉 becameestablished surgeriesinvolvinghealthytissuesinvolvedgreatpain infectionfromsurgerywasreducedbytheintroductionofsteriletechniquesanddisinfectants theinventionanduseofantibiotics beginningwithsulfadrugsandpenicillin wasanotherstepinmakingelectivesurgerypossible in1792 chopartperformedoperativeprocedureonalipusingaflapfromtheneck in1814 josephcarpuesuccessfullyperformedoperativeprocedureonabritishmilitaryofficerwhohadlosthisnosetothetoxiceffectsofmercurytreatments in1818 germansurgeoncarlferdinandvongraefepublishedhismajorworkentitledrhinoplastik vongraefemodifiedtheitalianmethodusingafreeskingraftfromthearminsteadoftheoriginaldelayedpedicleflap in1792 chopartperformedoperativeprocedureonalipusingaflapfromtheneck in1814 josephcarpuesuccessfullyperformedoperativeprocedureonabritishmilitaryofficerwhohadlosthisnosetothetoxiceffectsofmercurytreatments in1818 germansurgeoncarlferdinandvongraefepublishedhismajorworkentitledrhinoplastik vongraefemodifiedtheitalianmethodusingafreeskingraftfromthearminsteadoftheoriginaldelayedpedicleflap in1792 chopartperformedoperativeprocedureonalipusingaflapfromtheneck in1814 josephcarpuesuccessfullyperformedoperativeprocedureonabritishmilitaryofficerwhohadlosthisnosetothetoxiceffectsofmercurytreatments in1818 germansurgeoncarlferdinandvongraefepublishedhismajorworkentitledrhinoplastik vongraefemodifiedtheitalianmethodusingafreeskingraftfromthearminsteadoftheoriginaldelayedpedicleflap thefirstamericanplasticsurgeonwasjohnpetermettauer who in1827 performedthefirstcleftpalateoperationwithinstrumentsthathedesignedhimself in1845 johannfriedrichdieffenbachwroteacomprehensivetextonrhinoplasty entitledoperativechirurgie andintroducedtheconceptofreoperationtoimprovethecosmeticappearanceofthereconstructednose in1891 americanotorhinolaryngologist 耳鼻喉科专家 johnroepresentedanexampleofhiswork ayoungwomanonwhomhereducedadorsalnasalhumpforcosmeticindications in1892 robertweirexperimentedunsuccessfullywithxenografts 异种移植 ducksternum inthereconstructionofsunkennoses in1896 jamesisrael aurologicalsurgeonfromgermany andin1889georgemonksoftheunitedstateseachdescribedthesuccessfuluseofheterogeneousfree bonegraftingtoreconstructsaddlenosedefects in1898 jacquesjoseph thegermanorthopaedic 整形外科 trainedsurgeon publishedhisfirstaccountofreductionrhinoplasty in1928 jacquesjosephpublishednasenplastikundsonstigegesichtsplastik 20thcenturyinworldwari anewzealandotolaryngologist 耳鼻喉科专家 workinginlondon haroldgillies developedmanyofthetechniquesofmodernplasticsurgeryincaringforsoldierssufferingfromdisfiguringfacialinjuries hisworkwasexpandeduponduringworldwariibyhiscousinandformerstudentarchibaldmcindoe whopioneeredtreatmentsforraf 英国皇家空军 aircrewsufferingfromsevereburns mcindoe sradical experimentaltreatments ledtotheformationoftheguineapigclub in1946 gilliescarriedoutthefirstfemale to malesexreassignmentsurgery plasticsurgery asaspecialty evolvedremarkablyduringthe20thcenturyintheunitedstates oneofthefoundersofthespecialty vilrayblair wasthefirstchiefofthedivisionofplasticandreconstructivesurgeryatwashingtonuniversityinst louis missouri inoneofhismanyareasofclinicalexpertise blairtreatedworldwarisoldierswithcomplexmaxillofacialinjuries andhispaperon reconstructivesurgeryoftheface setthestandardforcraniofacialreconstruction newtechnology tissueengineeringregenerationofchinsurgery 组织工程再生下巴整形 chinaugmentation aflatnesstothecheekareaandarecessedchincanbeenhancedbytheadditionofsiliconeimplantsshapedascheekbonesorshapedasthepointofthechin itshouldbenotedthatfatgraftingcanalsousedtosimulatethecheekbonebutisnotasreliableanapproachforcheekaugmentationasistheuseofsilicone inaddition recessedchinproblemsareareflectionsometimesofanunderlyingdentalmalocclusionproblemthatisbettersuitedtoajawrepositioningoperationthenasiliconeimplanthowever forthepurposesofthissectiononlythesurgicalimplantapproachwillbediscussedaspossiblesolutionsforaugmentingthecheeksandchin autogenousfatbreasts自体脂肪丰胸 autologousfatnowworkswellenoughasabreastaugmentationthattheanswerisnow yes saysrobertw alexander md dmd inprivatepracticeinlynwood wa andholdsafacultyappointmentinthedepartmentofsurgery universityoftexashealthsciencecenter sanantonio tx face off botoxvs dysport 肉毒杆菌毒素 丽舒拓 likekleenexandband aid botoxisabrandnamethat sbecomeindistinguishablefromtheproduct butinanewrandomizedstudy botox snewercompetitor dysport appearedtohavetheedgeinsmoothingwrinkles botox onabotulinumtoxina wasapprovedbythefoodanddrugadministration fda totreatfrownlines thosepeskywrinklesbetweentheeyebrows in2002 in2009 acompetitor dysport abobotulinumtoxina wasapprovedforthesameuse bothdrugshavealsobeenapprovedforothercosmeticandmedicaluses anddoctorsadministerthemwidelytosmoothwrinkleseveninareastheyhaven tbeenspecificallyapprovedtotreat namelyaroundtheoutercorneroftheeyes thenewstudyaimedtofigureoutwhichproductworkedbettertoimprovetheappearanceofsuchcreases knownascrow sfeet thewrinklesthatfanoutwhenyousmile laughorsquint researchersfromthemaasclinicinsanfranciscoanduniversityofcalifornia sanfrancisco enrolled90peoplefora splitface studyinwhichdoctorsrandomlyinjectedbotoxintoonesideofthefaceanddysportintotheother usingafive pointscale theresearchersthenevaluatedresultsonbothsidesoftheparticipants faces thepatientsthemselveswerealsoaskedtoindicatewhichsidetheypreferred accordingtotheresearchers measure dysportimprovedtheappearanceofcrow sfeetsignificantlybetterthanbotoxdid atthe30 daymark abouttwo thirdsofparticipantssaidtheyalsofavoredthesidethathadbeentreatedwithdysport butthedifferencewasseenonlywhenuserscontractedtheirfacialmusclesasmuchaspossible therewasnodifferenceinappearancewhenfaceswereatrest thetragicdeathofcelebritywangbeihasmadepeopleawareoftherisksofcosmeticsurgery whichisbecomingincreasinglypopular dennychen a27 year oldbeijinghairdresser droppedhisplansforvision correctinglasersurgerybecauseofthenews i mafraidthesamethingmighthappentome soi vedecidedtoforgetthesurgery hesays itseemstheaspiringsingerwangbeihasfinallyachievedthefameandinfluencethateluded 逃避 herduringherlifetime acommonthreadofonlinediscussioniswhysomeoneconsideredbeautifulwassodissatisfiedwithherlooks somenetizenssaidwangwasavictimofsociety sunrealisticidealofbeauty doubleeyelids anaquiline 鹰钩 noseandthepointedchintypicalofwesterncelebrities otherssaidherdeathunderscoresthelimitstowhichpeoplewillgotoachievefameandfortune wang sdeathhighlightsthefactthatcosmeticsurgeryhasbecomeoneofchina sbiggestbeautysecrets lastyearanestimated15billionyuan 2 2billion wasspentoncosmeticsurgeryandthefigureisexpectedtorise20percentannually achinacentraltelevisionreportconcluded theus basedinternationalsocietyofaestheticplasticsurgeryrankschinafirstinasiaintermsofthenumberofproceduresperformedin2009 worldwide chinaisthird afterbrazil whiletheunitedstatesisfirst asthewealthyandmiddle classsegmentsofthechinesepopulationexpand andascelebrityculturetakesanevenfirmerhold peoplearebecomingmoreconsciousoftheirlooksandarewillingtogotogreatlengthstoenhancethem meanwhile youngpeopleseecosmeticsurgeryasthekeytowealthandlove theywanttoimprovetheirappearancetofindbetteropportunitiesatworkandinmarriage saysdingxiaobang aplasticsurgeonwiththepekingunionmedicalcollegehospital we relivinginahighlycompetitivesociety peopleregardappearanceasaweaponandameansofempowerment mostofthemtellme idon tcarehowmuchis