13Varieties of English.ppt

varietiesofenglish americanenglish officiallanguagestatusofstatesandterritories 1 darkblue englishisofficiallanguage2 brown twoormoreofficiallanguages3 blue noofficiallanguage englishisdefactolanguage4 pink noofficiallanguage multipledefactolanguages americanenglish variouslyabbreviatedame ae ameng useng en us alsoknownasunitedstatesenglish oru s english isasetofdialectsoftheenglishlanguageusedmostlyintheunitedstates approximatelytwothirdsofnativespeakersofenglishliveintheunitedstates englishisthemostcommonlanguageintheunitedstates thoughtheu s federalgovernmenthasnoofficiallanguage englishisconsideredthedefacto inpracticebutnotnecessarilyordainedbylaw languageoftheunitedstatesbecauseofitswidespreaduse englishhasbeengivenofficialstatusby30ofthe50stategovernments theuseofenglishintheunitedstateswasinheritedfrombritishcolonization thefirstwaveofenglish speakingsettlersarrivedinnorthamericainthe17thcentury duringthattime therewerealsospeakersinnorthamericaofspanish french dutch german norwegian swedish scots welsh irish scottishgaelic finnish russian alaska andnumerousnativeamericanlanguages britishenglish britishenglish orukenglishorenglishenglish bre be en gb isthebroadtermusedtodistinguishtheformsoftheenglishlanguageusedintheunitedkingdomfromformsusedelsewhere theoxfordenglishdictionaryappliesthetermtoenglishused inthewholeofthebritishisles but ingreatbritain reserving hiberno english for theenglishlanguageasspokenandwritteninireland thereareslightregionalvariationsinformalwrittenenglishintheunitedkingdom forexample althoughthewordsweeandlittleareinterchangeableinsomecontexts oneismorelikelytoseeweewrittenbysomeonefromnorthernbritainorfromnorthernirelandthanbysomeonefromsouthernenglandorwales nevertheless thereisameaningfuldegreeofuniformityinwrittenenglishwithintheunitedkingdom andthiscouldbedescribedas britishenglish theformsofspokenenglish however varyconsiderablymorethaninmostotherareasoftheworldwhereenglishisspoken andauniformconceptof britishenglish isthereforemoredifficulttoapplytothespokenlanguage accordingtotommcarthurintheoxfordguidetoworldenglish formanypeople especiallyinengland thephrasebritishenglishistautologous anditshares alltheambiguitiesandtensionsinthewordbritish andasaresultcanbeusedandinterpretedintwoways morebroadlyormorenarrowly withinarangeofblurringandambiguity canadianenglishcanadianenglish cane en ca isthevarietyofenglishusedincanada morethan26millioncanadians 85 ofthepopulation havesomeknowledgeofenglish 2006census approximately17millionspeakenglishastheirnativelanguage outsidequebec 76 ofcanadiansspeakenglishnatively canadianenglishcontainselementsofbritishenglishinitsvocabulary aswellasseveraldistinctivecanadianisms inmanyareas speechisinfluencedbyfrench andtherearenotablelocalvariations however canadahasverylittledialectdiversitycomparedtotheunitedstates thephonetics phonology morphology syntax andlexiconformostofcanadaaresimilartothatofthewesternandmidlandregionsoftheunitedstates whilethephonologicalsystemofwesterncanadianenglishisidenticaltothatofthepacificnorthwestoftheunitedstates andthephoneticsaresimilar assuch canadianenglishandamericanenglisharesometimesgroupedtogetherasnorthamericanenglish canadianenglishspellingislargelyablendofbritishandamericanconventions australianenglishaustralianenglish ause aue auseng en au istheformoftheenglishlanguagespokeninaustralia australianenglishbegandivergingfrombritishenglishshortlyafterthefoundationoftheaustralianpenalcolonyofnewsouthwalesin1788 britishconvictssentthere includingcockneysfromlondon camemostlyfromlargeenglishcities theywerejoinedbyfreesettlers militarypersonnelandadministrators oftenwiththeirfamilies americanvsbritishenglish americanenglishhasgrownsteadilyininternationalsignificancesinceworldwarii paralleltothegrowthofu s political economic technologicalandculturalinfluenceworldwide americanenglishiscurrentlythedominantinfluenceon worldenglish cf britishenglish largelyduetothefollowing population u s vsu k 70 vs17 ofallnativeenglish wealthoftheu s economyvs theu k influencesmagnitudeofhighereducationinamericavstheu k magnitudeofthepublishingindustryinamericamagnitudeofglobalmassmediaandmediatechnologyinfluenceappealofamericanpopularcultureonlanguageandhabitsinternationalpoliticalandeconomicpositionoftheu s i differentpronunciation althoughsamespellingadvertisement advert ad controversy laboratory secretaryleisure schedule dynasty dancerenaissance oregano migratory clerk bank office ate pc influenceexamples harasswhisky scotch whiskey u s ireland iii sameterm different butsimilarspellingandpronunciationaluminium aluminumpolythene polyethylenemaths math shorteningof mathematics rise raise moremoneyinsalary wages iv samewords butdifferentoradditionalmeaningsimarriedahomelygirl weneededatorchforthedarktrail cf flashlight orgb electrictorch flamingtorch ibmmadeoverabilliondollarslastyear cf thousandmillion changing gbstandards gb trousers us pants us pants gb underwearpants gb jumper us sweater us jumper gbpinafore dress v grammar syntax punctuation generalusagegrammar u s finnairhasaflighttolondontoday g b finnairhaveaflighttolondontoday largecollectivenouns u s englandhasplayedwelltoday evenifitlost g b englandhaveplayedwelltoday eveniftheylost g b thegovernmentareactinglikethemselvesagain g b haveyougotyourgradeinhistoryyet u s haveyougottenyourgradeinhistoryyet g b hewentonacourse howmanywereonthecourse u s hewasinacourse howmanywereinthecourse g b welivedinthehighstreet cf streetpeople u s welivedonmainstreet on plusarticleplushigh main g b he sinhospitalwithabrokenleg u s he sinthehospitalwithabrokenleg g b ihavegotacar vs u s ihaveacar igotacar g b weweren tabletocatchhimup u s weweren tabletocatchhim catchupwithhim catchup withhim vi divergenceandoverlaptopostvstomailaletter anartgalleryvsanartmuseumautumnvsfall tapvsfaucet luggagevsbaggage shopvsstore etc vii sameconcept differenttermsorexpressions or sameword differencesinstyle connotationandfrequencyhireacar rentacar hire purchasevsinstallmentplan petrol gasoline saloon sedan estatecar stationwagonboot trunk storagearea silencer muffler toreduceexhaustnoise fortnight twoweeks goodstrain freighttrainbarristervs solicitor lawyer attorney at lawsweet vs sweets dessert redwhortleberries lingonberries viii inventiveness combinations allusionstobrandnameshamburger cheeseburger beefburger fishburger lobsterburger hotel motel floatel boatelhardware software firmware shareware freeware vaporware treeware suburb exurb technoburb cyburb citizen netizenmetrosexual retrosexual bersexual metronatural etc vs jetrosexual smoke fog smog tolitter tobug litterbugcosmetics pharmaceuticals cosmeceuticals pharmaceuticals farming pharming sexploitation cityscape zeroscaping xeriscaping xericplants ix euphemisticreferencesseniorcitizen emeritusprofessor cf pc languagebelow securityofficer hairstylist householdmanagerpowderroom ladies lounge motiondiscomfortbagx equality vocabularyfireman firefighter policeman policeofficermailman mailcarrier salesman salespersonmanmade artificial synthetic manufacturedmaid housecleaner stewardess flightattendantchairman chairperson chair presidingofficer australianenglishvsbritishenglishbarbie bbq barbecuebathers wordusedinsouthaustraliatorefertoaswimminggarmentbattler someonewhoworkshardbutstillsonlyjustmakesalivingbikie motorcyclist usuallyamemberofamotorcyclegangbloke amanbludger someonewholivesoffthelabourofothersbooze alcoholbush countrysidebushranger anoutlawbyo bringyourown usuallymeans bringyourownalcohol galah foolgiveitaburl tryit havetogogrizzleguts someonewhocomplainsg day gooddayorhellogoodonya welldone generaltermofapprovalgrog alcohol beerheaps alothoon ahooliganroadtrain averybigtruckwithseveraltrailersrockup toturnup toarriveroo kangaroorooted exhaustedorbroken ruinedropeable veryangryrubbish verb tocriticise tallpoppy someonewhoissuccessfultea sometimesusedtorefertotheeveningmealteeup tosetupanappointmenttomatosauce ketchuptopend thefarnorthofaustraliawaggingschool notattendingschoolwhinge tocomplainwoopwoop anameforanysmallunimportanttownalongwayawaywuss acoward nervouspersonyank anamericanyobbo uneducatedperson writtenenglishandspokenenglishspokenenglishistheenglishwhichisoralandwhichyouusetocommunicatewithothersinreallifesituation writtenenglishisthelanguagewhichisnotoralandwhichisusedtocommunicatewithothersinamoreorlessaformalsituation writtenenglishiscalledthemostneglectedoftheskills cinderella spokenenglishisthecalledasthemostdifficultoftheskillswhichrequirestheproperaccent tone style andtheproperbodylanguages thedifferencesareasfollows 1 thereceiverispresentinspokenenglish se butabsentinwrittenenglish we 2 youcangetenvironmentalcluesin se butnotinwe 3 youcangetinfoaboutbodylanguageandmovementinsebutnotinwe 4 themistakesinseisneglectedoroverseenbutinwemistakesaremorevisibleandhencemorecorrectedwhichaccountsfortheneedformoreaccuracyinwe 5 seisfluencybasedwhileweisaccuracybased 6 insethewordislostwhileinwethewordispresentinfrontoftheeyes 7 insethescriptisabsentandcannotberevised inwethescriptispresentandcanberevised 8 thedifferenceinstyle formalandinformal isimportantinbothlanguage 9 theneedforthecorrecttoneandaccentandbodysignsisnecessaryinsebutcanbeneglectedinwe 10 thenoiseisanimportantbarrierinsebutnotinwe 11 seisspontaneouswhileweisscripted 12 inseyoudon thavemuchtimewhileinweyoucanreviseandthinkyourthoughtsbefore spokenandwrittenenglish theenglishofspeechtendstobedifferentfromtheenglishofwritingsomefairlyobviousways forinstance wehavetimetoplanourmessageinwriting butthatisnotpossiblewhileusingthespokenformofenglish weoftenusewordslike well yousee etcinspeech butinwritingwetendtoavoidthese thesekindofwordsandphrasesaddlittlefacts buttellussomethingabouttheattitudeofthespeakertowardsthecontextandaudience weoftenusehesitatefillers i e somespeechformslikeum err whilewethinkofwhatnexttosay moreoverinspokenform wemayfailtocompletethesentenceandmixuponegrammaticalconstructionwithanother thesedonotoccurinwriting inspokenformasentencehasalessstrictconstructionthanthesentenceinawritingform itisalsodifficulttodivideaspokenconversationintoseparatesentencesandtherelationshipsbetweenoneclausetoanotherislessclearinthiscaseasthespeakerreliesmoreonhearer sunderstandingofthecontext thespeakeralsodependsupontheabilityofthelistenertointerpretifhefailstoprovidetheexactsoundrepresentationtohisexpression moreoverthespeakerisabletorelyonfeaturesofintonationwhichtellusagreatdeal whichcan tbegiveninwrittenpunctuation even asfarasthesoundorthephoneticaspectoftheanalysisisconcerned therearesomeimportantpointtonotewhichmakesspokenformsomewhatspecial thoughthesoundsystemofourspokenlanguageservesusprimarilyasamediumofcommunication itsefficiencyassuchaninstrumentofcommunicationdoesnotdependupontheperfectproductionandreceptionofeverysingleelementofspeech thespeakerwill inalmostanyutterance providethelistenerwithfarmorecuesthanheneedsforeasycomprehension thesituationorthecontextofwhichboththespeakerandthelistenerareawareof limitthepurportofanutterance a c gimson inhisbookanintroductiontopronunciationinenglishgivesanexampleasfollows thus inanydiscussionaboutazoo involvingastatementsuchas wesawthelionsandthetigers wearepredisposedbythecontexttounderstandlions evenifthenisomittedandthewordactuallysaidisliars oragain weareconditionedbygrammaticalprobabilities sothataparticularsoundmaylosemuchofitssignificance e g inthephrase themenareworking thequalityofthevowelinmenisnotasvitallyimportantfordecidingwhetheritisaquestionofmenorman asitwouldbeifthewordweresaidinisolation sinceherepluralityisdeterminedinadditionbythedemonstrativeadjectiveprecedingmenandtheverbformfollowing thiskindofappropriationofsoundiscalledredundancy isthereanydifferencebetweenwrittenandspokenenglishgrammar notofficially french forinstance usedtohavedifferentwrittenandspokenverbforms englishhasnothinglikethis however inpracticetherearesomekeydifferences notsomuchbetweenwrittenandspoken asbetweenformalandinformalwriting inspokenenglish wenearlyalwaysusecontractionsorshortformslike i d or don t wealsowritethesewhenformalityisn timportant inafriendlyemail say butaformaldocumentsuchasareportorasolicitor slettershouldusefullforms iwould donot spoken informalenglishalsotendstoleaveoutnon essentialwordslikesubjects ifthey reclearfromthecontext andauxiliaryverbs likeadrinkafterwork isnormalspeechand orinformalwriting butinformal correct writingyouwouldusethefullform wouldyoulike however themajordifferenceisnotofgrammarbutofvocabulary formallanguageoftenusesdifferentwordsaltogether englishsocialdifferences1 socialdifferencesinenglishlife2 psychologicalaspectsofenglishsocialstratification3 waysofspeaking manners etiquetteandgoodwill 4 culturalandsocialdifferences5 snobs6 theclasses upper middle working7 clothesandfashion8 eatinganddrinking9 thetrainingofcharacterinsomeenglishschools 10 socialdifferencesinenglisheducation11 socialdifferencesinleisurepursuits12 socialstratificationandtheeng