智能电力设备设计.doc

光伏逆变器、风电变流器功率MOSFET、IGBT、IPM电力电子产品/设备APF、SVG大容量变换技术大功率电磁兼容设计Photovoltaic inverter, wind power convertersPower MOSFET, IGBT, IPMPower electronic products / equipmentAPF, SVGLarge capacity transformEMC Design Power5kW DC/DC converter for hydrogen generation from photovoltaic sourcesInternational Journal of Hydrogen EnergyThis paper covers the design of a DCDC power converter aimed for hydrogen production from photovoltaic sources. Power conditioning for such application is usually driven by different constraints: high step-down conversion ratio is required if the input voltage of such equipment has to be compatible with photovoltaic sources that are connected to grid-connected inverters; galvanic isolation; high efficiency and low mass. Taking into account those factors, this work proposes a pushpull DC/DC converter for power levels up to 5kW. The operation and features of the converter are presented and analyzed. Design guidelines are suggested and experimental validation is also given.Article OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction2. DC/DC converter: operation principle and features 2.1. PV and electrolyser electrical models2.2. DC/DC converter design3. Application of a specific development 3.1. Initial specifications: photovoltaic array and electrolyser3.2. Device selection3.3. Input and output filters: calculations and realisation3.4. Magnetic design: transformer and inductors3.5. Driving and PWM control circuits4. DC/DC converter simulations and experimental results5. ConclusionsReferencesGrid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potential problemsA review 传统区域性光伏发电电力系统的革新Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews可再生与可持续利用能源评论Traditional electric power systems are designed in large part to utilize large baseload power plants, with limited ability to rapidly ramp output or reduce output below a certain level. The increase in demand variability created by intermittent sources such as photovoltaic (PV) presents new challenges to increase system flexibility. This paper aims to investigate and emphasize the importance of the grid-connected PV system regarding the intermittent nature of renewable generation, and the characterization of PV generation with regard to grid code compliance. The investigation was conducted to critically review the literature on expected potential problems associated with high penetration levels and islanding prevention methods of grid tied PV. According to the survey, PV grid connection inverters have fairly good performance. They have high conversion efficiency and power factor exceeding 90% for wide operating range, while maintaining current harmonics THD less than 5%. Numerous large-scale projects are currently being commissioned, with more planned for the near future. Prices of both PV and balance of system components (BOS) are decreasing which will lead to further increase in use. The technical requirements from the utility power system side need to be satisfied to ensure the safety of the PV installer and the reliability of the utility grid. Identifying the technical requirements for grid interconnection and solving the interconnect problems such as islanding detection, harmonic distortion requirements and electromagnetic interference are therefore very important issues for widespread application of PV systems. The control circuit also provides sufficient control and protection functions like maximum power tracking, inverter current control and power factor control. Reliability, life span and maintenance needs should be certified through the long-term operation of PV system. Further reduction of cost, size and weight is required for more utilization of PV systems. Using PV inverters with a variable power factor at high penetration levels may increase the number of balanced conditions and subsequently increase the probability of islanding. It is strongly recommended that PV inverters should be operated at unity power factor.Article OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction2. Glossary of terms and acronyms3. Global PV module and its electrical performance4. Grid-connected PV systems 4.1. Power value4.2. Ratio between load and PV power5. Potential problems associated with high penetration levels of grid-tied PV6. Grid-connected inverterscontrol types and harmonic performance 6.1. Harmonics6.2. Inverters operational analysis7. Islanding detection methods8. Performance and reliability of inverter hardware9. The overall conclusion and recommendationAcknowledgementsReferences光伏系统设计选型的优化 联网系统中各模块的技术革新与效能整合提高Optimal sizing of a grid-connected PV system for various PV module technologies and inclinations, inverter efficiency characteristics and locationsRenewable EnergyAn optimal sizing methodology based on an energy approach is described and applied to grid-connected photovoltaic systems taking into account the photovoltaic module technology and inclination, the inverter type and the location. A model describing the efficiency for m-Si, p-Si, a-Si and CIS is used. The method has been applied on various meteorological stations in Bulgaria and Corsica (France). The main parameter affecting the sizing is the inverter efficiency curve. The influence of the PV module technology seems less important except for amorphous photovoltaic modules for which special remarks have been made. The inclination on the PV system influences the performances particularly when the inverter is undersized compared to the PV peak power.Article Outline1. Introduction2. PV module efficiency 2.1. Some models of PV efficiency and maximum power2.2. Experimental verification3. Grid-connected inverters4. Solar radiation estimation on tilted PV modules 4.1. The diffuse component4.2. The diffuse component on tilted surface4.3. The tilted beam radiation4.4. The ground reflected radiation5. Sizing optimization methodology6. Optimization results 6.1. Influence of the inverter type and PV module inclination6.2. Influence of the PV technology6.3. Site influence7. Monthly performances 7.1. Monthly variation of the PV efficiency7.2. Monthly variation of PV system efficiency8. ConclusionsEfficient design and simulation of an expandable hybrid (windphotovoltaic) power system with MPPT and inverter input voltage regulation features in compliance with electric grid requirements低压智能电力电子变换技术Electric Power Systems ResearchIn this paper an efficient design along with modeling and simulation of a transformer-less small-scale centralized DCbus Grid Connected Hybrid (WindPV) power system for supplying electric power to a single phase of a three phase low voltage (LV) strong distribution grid are proposed and presented. The main components of the hybrid system are: a PV generator (PVG); and an array of horizontal-axis, fixed-pitch, small-size, variable-speed wind turbines (WTs) with direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) having an embedded uncontrolled bridge rectifier. An overview of the basic theory of such systems along with their modeling and simulation via Simulink/MATLAB software package are presented. An intelligent control method is applied to the proposed configuration to simultaneously achieve three desired goals: to extract maximum power from each hybrid power system component (PVG and WTs); to guarantee DC voltage regulation/stabilization at the input of the inverter; to transfer the total produced electric power to the electric grid, while fulfilling all necessary interconnection requirements. Finally, a practical case study is conducted for the purpose of fully evaluating a possible installation in a city site of Xanthi/Greece, and the practical results of the simulations are presented.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Configuration and modeling of a small-scale centralized DCbus GCHWPPS via Simulink/MATLAB 2.1. Solar and wind potential analysis of a selected (candidate) installation site2.2. Photovoltaic Subsystem 2.2.1. Photovoltaic generator (PVG) model2.2.2. Buck-Boost DCDC Converter (BBC1 and BBC2) models2.2.3. Control unit (DSP1) of the PVS2.3. Wind Energy Conversion Subsystem 2.3.1. Wind turbine model2.3.2. Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) model2.3.3. Embedded uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier model2.3.4. Buck-Boost DCDC Converter (BBC3 and BBC4) models2.3.5. Control unit (DSP2) of the WECS2.4. Power decoupling capacitor (CPD)2.5. Necessary requirements (rules) for connecting a HWPPS to the Greek LV distribution grid 2.5.1. Electric grid model2.5.2. Inverter model2.5.3. Control unit (DSP3) of the inverter3. Case study 3.1. Solar and wind potential analysis of the selected site in Xanthi, Greece3.2. Simulation results4. ConclusionsAppendix A. List of symbolsAppendix B. Fuzzy rulesReferencesVitaeDesign of a non-inverting synchronous buck-boost DC/DC power converter with moderate power levelRobotics and Computer-Integrated ManufacturingThis paper presents the design of a non-inverting synchronous buck-boost DC/DC power converter with moderate power level for a solar power management system. The buck-boost requirement arises from the rapid changes in the atmospheric condition or the sunlight incident angle. The system mainly consists of the non-inverting synchronous buck-boost DC/DC power converter, MOSFET drivers, anti-cross conduction logic circuitry, feedback compensator, and PWM regulator. The system is capable of converting the supply voltage source to higher and lower voltages to the load terminal with voltage polarity unchanged. The voltage at the load terminal is controlled by continuously adjusting the duty cycle of the PWM regulator. Application of the buck-boost converter in battery management system design is also addressed.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Synchronous buck-boost converter3. System design4. Dynamic characteristic5. Feedback compensator design6. Application in Li-ion battery management7. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences锂电池阵列的应用项目与管理方案Mathematical modelling of a wind power system with an integrated active filterIntegrated power characteristic study of DFIG and its frequency converter in wind power generationDevelopment of an FPGA-based system for real-time simulation of photovoltaic modules光伏和风电系统仿真建模与数字化的模拟运和行计算DFIG wind generation systems operating with limited converter rating considered under unbalanced network conditions Analysis and control design风电逆变器的系统运行、非平衡状态联网和各种条件下的控制设计TLM method for thermal investigation of IGBT modules in PWM modeDesign and control of a direct drive wind turbine equipped with multilevel convertersDesign optimization and site matching of direct-drive permanent magnet wind power generator systemsWave powerSustainable energy or environmentally costly? A review with special emphasis on linear wave energy convertersConventional and novel control designs for direct driven PMSG wind turbinesOptimal design of a reliable hydrogen-based stand-alone wind/PV generating system, considering component outages氢发电和氢储能系统的可靠性优化设计方法 风力/光伏发电平台 元器件性能及其输出约束A hybrid wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell generation system is designed to supply power demand. The aim of this design is minimization of annualized cost of the hybrid system over its 20 years of operation. Optimization problem is subject to reliable supply of the demand. Three major components of the system, i.e. wind turbine generators, photovoltaic arrays, and DC/AC converter, may be subject to failure. Also, solar radiation, wind speed, and load data are assumed entirely deterministic. System costs involve investments, replacement, and operation and maintenance as well as loss of load costs. Prices are all empirical and components are commercially available. An advanced variation of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. Results reveal the impact of component outages on the reliability and cost of the system, so they are directly dependent on components reliabilities, i.e. outages result in need for a larger generating system for supplying the load with the acceptable reliability. Additionally, it is observed that the inverters reliability is an upper limit for the systems reliability. Moreover, an approximate method for reliability evaluation of the hybrid system is proposed which considerably reduces the time and computations.Article Outline1. Introduction2. PV/WG/FC system modeling 2.1. Photovoltaic array2.2. Wind turbine generator2.3. Generated power by renewable units2.4. Electrolyzer2.5. Hydrogen tank2.6. Fuel cell2.7. DC/AC converter (inverter)2.8. Operation strategy3. Reliability/cost assessments 3.1. Reliability indices 3.1.1. Loss of load expected3.1.2. Loss of energy expected (expected energy not supplied)3.1.3. Loss of power supply probability3.1.4. Equivalent loss factor3.2. Systems reliability model3.3. Cost of loss of load3.4. Approximate method4. Problem statement5. Particle swarm optimization (PSO)6. Results 6.1. Base case6.2. 100% available components6.3. Impact of DC/AC converter on the systems reliability7. ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesA new simple analytical method for calculating the optimum inverter size in grid-connected PV plants智能电力系统的新分析方法 联网光伏电站的逆变器容量选择 参数计算 设备选型 匹配和整体组建A new simple analytical method for the calculation of the optimum inverter size in grid-connected PV plants in any location is presented. The derived analytical expressions contain only four unknown parameters, three of which are related to the inverter and one is related to the location and to the nominal power of the PV plant. All four parameters can be easily estimated from data provided by the inverter manufacturer and from freely available climate data. Additionally, analytical expressions for the calculation of the annual energy injected into the ac grid for a given PV plant with given inverter, are also provided. Moreover, an expression for the effective annual efficiency of an inverter is given. The analytical method presented here can be a valuable tool to design engineers for comparing different inverters without having to perform multiple simulations, as is the present situation. The validity of the proposed analytical model was tested through comparison with results obtained by detailed simulations and with measured data.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Solar irradiance and dc power at the output of PV modules3. The efficiency curve of the solar inverter4. Analytical expressions for the optimum inverter size and the energy yield5. Validation of the model 5.1. Comparison with analytical simulations5.2. Comparison with measurements6. ConclusionsReferencesReal-time 3D electromagnetic field measurement instrument with direct visualizationTCAD assessment of Gate Electrode Workfunction Engineered Recessed Channel (GEWE-RC) MOSFET and its multi-layered gate architecture, Part II: Analog and large signal performance evaluationHydrodynamic simulation of a floating wave energy converter by a U-tube rig for power take-off testing智能电力系统性能的整体离线测试 氢发电和储能设施的复杂环境仿真Ocean Engineering海洋工程学学报Floating oscillating-bodies constitute an important class of offshore wave energy converters. The testing of their power take-off equipment (PTO) (high-pressure hydraulics, linear electrical generator or other) under realistically simulated sea conditions is usually regarded as a major task. A laboratory rig, consisting of a U-tube enclosing an oscillating column of water driven by a time-varying air-pressure, was devised to simulate the hydrodynamics of an oscillating buoy absorbing energy from sea waves, especially the inertia and the resonant frequency of the oscillating body. The PTO force is applied (by means of a piston) on one of the ends of the U-tube oscillating water column, whereas the other end is subject to a controlled time-varying air pressure. This is found to provide a reasonably realistic way of testing the PTO system (including its control) at an adequate scale (say about 1:5 to 1:4), which would avoid the use of a much more expensive experimental facility (very large wave tank) or testing in real wind-generated sea-waves. The matching conditions that the U-tube geometry and the driving time-varying air pressure must meet to ensure an adequate simulation are derived. These conditions leave some freedom to the U-tube rig designer and operator, allowing practical and engineering issues to be taken into account.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Governing equations 2.1. Heaving body dynamics2.2. Irregular waves2.3. U-tube dynamics2.4. Dynamic similitude conditions between floating body and U-tube2.5. Air pressure control2.6. U-tube rig versus direct actuator system3. Numerical example4. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesCondition monitoring and fault detection of wind turbines and related algorithms: A reviewCondition monitoring and fault detection of wind turbines and related algorithms: A review实时运行条件与故障检测系统：其相关算法回顾Distributed DC-UPS for energy smart buildingsEnergy efficiency (EE) improvement is one of the most important targets to be achieved on every society as a whole and in buildings in particular. Energy Smart Building aims to accelerate the uptake of EE, healthy buildings that by integrating smart technology and solutions consume radically little resources while enhancing the quality of life. This paper addresses how uninterruptible power supply (UPS), particularly when configured in distributed DC mode, can become an Energy Efficient (EE) solution in high tech buildings, especially when integrated with complimentary Power Quality (PQ) measures. The paper is based upon PQ audits conducte