轮机英语基础语法.ppt

englishtrainingcourseforchiefengineers 上海海事大学李品友主讲 preface 1 theexamination2 thecontentsofthecourse3 namesofengineparts toolsandmarineoils 1 轮机英语课程考试简介 1 轮机英语听力与会话评估项目 2 轮机英语阅读与写作 轮机英语考试 评估 笔试 会话 短句 对话 翻译 关联题 选择题 听力 短文 朗读 叙述 问答 1 轮机英语听力与会话评估项目 短句10 2 20分对话10 3 30分短文4 5 2 5 50分 朗读1 20 20分叙述1 20 20分问答10 6 60分 2 轮机长英语大证考 单项选择题76 1 76分阅读理解题4 4 1 5 24分 2 轮机英语授课内容 第一部分 轮机英语基础词汇第二部分 轮机英语阅读第三部分 轮机英语书写 3 namesofengineparts toolsandmarineoils 1 mainengine 2 auxiliarymachinery 3 valves pumps 4 tools meters 5 marineoils 1 mainengine two strokemarinedieselenginefour strokemarinedieselenginelowspeeddieselenginemediumspeeddieselenginehighspeeddieselengine cylinder cylinderheadcylinderblockcylinderlinercoolingwaterspacecoolingwaterjacket piston pistoncrownpistonskirtpistonpinpistonringpistonringgroovepistoncoolingspacepistonrod cross head cross headpincross headbearingcross headslipper guideshoe cross headguideplatetop small endbearing crankshaft crankshaftbearingcrankpincrankjournalcrankwebcrankshaftdeflectionbig bottom endbearing shafting thrustshaftintermediateshafttailshaftthrustbearingthrustpadsterntubebearing propeller bossbladefixedpitchpropeller fpp controllablepitchpropeller cpp fixedparts bed plateframecrankcasecrankcasedoortie bolt tie rod throughbolt scavenging uniflowscavengingcrossscavengingloopscavengingscavengingport inletport exhaustport outletport turbo charging exhaustgasturbochargerturbinecompressoremergencyblowerconstantpressuresystempulsesystem fueloilsystem doublebottomtanksettlingtankdailyservicetankfuelpumpfuelinjectorfuelinjectioncam lubricatingoilsystem sumpcylinderlubricatortelescopicpipeoilfilterdraintank coolingwatersystem openingcoolingsystemclosedcoolingsystemcentralcoolingsystemexpansiontank headtank compressedairsystem aircompressorairbottle receiver reservoir startingairvalvestartingairdistributoraircoolerscavengingreceiver controlsystem governorreversingdevicereversingservomotorcontrolstandcontrolroomums unattendedmachineryspace 2 auxiliarymachinery marineboilerrefrigeratingplantsteeringgearoilseparatoranti pollutionequipmentdeckmachinery marineboiler donkey auxiliary boilerexhaustgasboilerwatertubeboilerfiretubeboilerfurnaceoilburner refrigeratingplant domesticrefrigeratorrefrigeratingcompressorcondenserthermostaticexpansionvalveevaporatorrefrigerant refrigeratingplant theoreticalcycleofrefrigeration steeringgear electric hydraulicsteeringgearfour ramhydraulicsteeringgearstocktillerhuntinggear r p t steeringwheel transmitter receiver huntinggear floatinglever feedback linkwith pivot cylinder ram rudderstock valveblock tiller cross head cylinder isolatingvalve pump motor bufferspring oilseparator purifierclarifierseparatorbowlbowldiscgravitydiscnomogram anti pollutionequipment incineratoroilywaterseparatorcoarseseparatingcompartmentoilcollectionspacefineseparatingcompartmentcatchplate deckmachinery cargohandlinggear cargowinch deckcranewindlasscapstan mooringwinchhatchcovergangwayliftinggear 3 valves pumps safetyvalvepilotvalvenon return check one way valvestop shut off cutoff valveby passvalvechange overvalveover flowvalvemake upvalve pumps centrifugalpumppositivedisplacementpumpreciprocatingpumprotarypumpejectorpumpballastpumpbilgepumpsanitarypumpsewagepumptransferpump primingpump boosterpump 4 tools meters impactwrenchpipewrenchengineerhammeradjustablespannerscrewdriverbridgegaugefeelerelectrodeweldingmachine meters micrometerthermometerpressuregaugesalinometerviscosimeterflowmeteroilmistdetectorindicatorpowermeter ammeter voltmeter ohmmeter 5 marineoils marinedieseloilmarinefueloilintermediatefueloilcylinderoil highalkalinity engine crankcase system oilhydraulicoilanti rustemulsionoilgrease chapter1名词 1 名词的种类2 名词的数3 名词的格4 名词的性5 名词的用法 1 名词的种类 1 专用名词 2 普通名词 1 专用名词 第一个字母要大写 如 thep r ofchinanewyorkcoscopiccimo 2 普通名词 个体名词 如 seaman engineer pump集体名词 如 people crew government物质名词 如 oil water gas air grease抽象名词 如 labour work reliability 2 名词的数 engines shafts coolers tankers hoses gases boxes fizzes wrenches bushes cargoes knives shelves cities auxiliaries seamen feet teeth axes data 3 名词的格 1 主格 2 宾格 3 所有格 1 主格 词形不变 2 宾格 词形不变 3 所有格 engineer shandbook seamen sclub tomorrow smachine fivemiles distance china sforeigntrade theearth ssurface abcofscience arevolutionofthecrankshaft thefactoryoftheuniversity 4 名词的性 gentleman master steward sun lady stewardess moon earth country ship spanner engine fan 5 名词的用法 1 作主语 2 作表语 3 作宾语 4 作定语 5 作状语 1 作主语 theusualcoolantusedisfreshwater lubricatingoilofthelowpressuresystemsuppliesthemainandotherbearings theturbochargerrunswithaterriblenoise 2 作表语 freon12isnormallyagaswhenatatmosphericpressureandtemperature themainbearingisaninterchangeableprecisionbearing refrigerationistheprocessoflowingthetemperatureofasubstancebelowthatofitssurroundingatmosphere 3 作宾语 cleantheinnerpartofthecoolerwithchemicalcompound testtherefrigeratingsystemforleakage tightenhandwheelscrewbeforestarting 4 作定语 theship screwareallonboard theshaftpowerrequiredis4 5kw fueloilfilter crankshaft cylinderliner pistonring oilseparator 5 作状语 waitamoment please itistwofeetlong threemetershighandfourinchesthick thepumpweighs50kilograms chapter2冠词 1 不定冠词a2 不定冠词an3 定冠词the 1 不定冠词a aseaman amotorman auniversity theprotectiondevicesshouldbetestedtwiceayear 2 不定冠词an anengineer anangle anhour theshipsails15milesanhour 3 定冠词the thisistheworkshopwherevarioustoolsandequipmentforrepairworkarekept pleaseshowmetheclassificationcertificateandthedockyardreport thereisamanintheengineroom themanisourchiefengineer thereisonlyonechinaintheworld thatisthep r ofchina taiwanisthelargestislandinchina a an theor in suctionstroke airissuckedinto cylinderthrough inletvalve in compressionstroke airiscompressed chapter3代词 1 人称代词2 物主代词3 自身代词4 相互代词5 指示代词 6 疑问代词7 连接代词8 关系代词9 不定代词 1 人称代词 theshipenteredtheharbour wasbroughttoanchor will pleaseshowmeyourfueloilspecification filltherequisitionandthensign couldyoushow thecertificateoftherefrigeratingsets whoistheengineeronduty it s it的用法 itisstormytoday itistwelveo clock itisfivemilesonly itisallsettlednow it的用法 itisrecommendedtotheservicepersonaltoreadthismanualthroughcarefullyandtofollowtheinstructionsgiven weconsidereditnecessarythattheoilseparatorshouldbeexaminedimmediately 2 物主代词 他的 toolisonthebench 我的 isinthelocker ididn tuse 我的 steelmeasuringtape iused 你的 thatmulti purposewrenchof 你的 isquiteeasytouse thesetoolsare 他们的 你们的 areoverthere 3 自身代词 ican texpress inenglish whenthepressureoflubricatingoilhasdroppeddowntoavaluelessthanrated theenginestopsby thegovernorisdrivenbytheengine webuiltthe25 000tocean goingcargoship 4 相互代词 lubricatingoilisusedforreducingthefrictionbetweentwometalsurfacesrubbingagainst theseamenhelp incarryingoutthetask weshouldpointout mistakesandhaveaconcernfor work 5 指示代词 whatiwantis 这个 not 那个 inmakingturbineblades theworkersprefer 这些 metalsto 那些 theboilingpointofwateronthecentigradescaleis100 andthatonthefahrenheitistakenas212 6 疑问代词 istheheatengine isonduty toolisitonthebench metalisheavier copperoraluminium 7 连接代词 thisiswhatwewant wemustdowhatthechiefengineertellsustodo whateverwedoistobuildourcountry therenewalofthelubricatingoilfilterelementshouldbedonewheneverafigureof0 7barsisshownonthedifferentialpressuregauge 8 关系代词 thisisthenewtoolthatireferto fuelisdirectlyinjectedintothecombustionchamberwhichisonthetopofthepiston suchinstrumentsasthermometersandpressuregaugescanbefoundinanyengineroom anotherwordwhichmeanspracticallythesameasunitisassembly 9 不定代词 isthereanyfuelinthetank yes thereissome ifthereisanydifficultyinsupplythesespareparts pleaseletmeknowassoonaspossible doyouneedanyenglishreferencebooks 9 不定代词 manyoftheshipshaveumsnow thereistoomuchwaterinthefuel itisnotuptothespecification thereislittlefuelleftinthetank thereisstillafewsteampumpsintheengineroom 9 不定代词 agreatmanyofmachineswereinstalledintheengineroom thereisagreatdealoffuelinthetank ontheflatuppersurfaceofthebed platearearrangedanumberofa shapedframeswhichmaybemanufacturedofcastironorfabricatedsteel 9 不定代词 therearefourgeneratorsintheengineroom oneofthemisdiesel driven theothersareturbo driven givemeanotherwrench please onemusttrytodoone sbest thesenewrefrigeratorsaremuchbetterthantheoldones 9 不定代词 neitherofthetwoshipshasarrived noshipshavelefttheportyet noneofthefishingboatsareattheport chapter4数词 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth one third two thirds three fourths fourquarters 数词前介词的用法 in1949inoct 1949onoct 1 1949at2pmat110rpmat16knotsatatemperatureof60 catanangleof20 chapter5形容词 1 形容词的用法2 形容词的级 1 形容词的用法 stainlesssteelisvaluableintheshipbuilding marinedieselenginemodel6250iscompactinconstruction simpleinassembly easyinmaintenance durableinserviceandeconomicalinfuelconsumption keeptheengineclean ifdirthasenteredintoanoilpipe thismaycausethelattertobecomeclogged 2 形容词的级 1 变化规则 2 各级的用法 1 变化规则 small smaller smallest dense denser densestbig bigger biggest early earlier earliest important moreimportant mostimportant difficult moredifficult mostdifficult good better best many much more most little less least far farther farthest 2 各级的用法 thetemperatureofexplosioninmarinedieselengineisashighas1200 c inagivenperiodoftime thenewmachineproducestwiceasmuchastheoldone aluminiumandcopperarenotsohardascastiron 2 各级的用法 thepowerofthisengineislargerthanthat thethermalandmechanicalefficienciesofthefour strokeengineareslightlybetterthanthoseofthetwo strokeengine thetemperatureofthelubeoilinthefilterisnottobehigherthan130 f 2 各级的用法 thisisthebiggestturbo generatorevermanufacturedinchina thesimplestmethodforrefrigeratingcargoistheuseofice themainbearingisamostimportantbearing 2 各级的用法 thelargerthecylinderbore thegreateritsoutput thefewerthecylindersandthelargertheyare thegreaterwillbethevibrationfromthissource thehigherthetemperatureofthecoolingmediuminthepiston theloweristhetemperaturerangeinthemetalandconsequentlythesmallertheheatstress chapter6副词 1 副词的构成2 副词的种类3 副词的用法4 副词的级 1 副词的构成 early late far high fast long hardly quickly partly slowly always often seldom sometimes almost 2 副词的种类 always usually frequently often sometimesoccasionally seldom never above below down up inside outside almost enough extremely rather slightly carefully normally properly respectively when where how why also certainly obviously only 3 副词的用法 wherethepumpwillbeinstalledhasnotyetbeendecided themotormenareout someofthepumpshereweremanufacturedinthefactoryofourcountry firstofall wemustmakethebestuseofourpresentequipment 4 副词的级 vitalpartsoftheengineshouldbeexaminedasfrequentlyasitispracticable theauxiliaryenginerunsfasterthanthemainenginedoes goldandsilveraretheleasturgentlyneededinengineeringindustry thelargertherudder thefastertheshipwillturn chapter7介词 1 介词的种类2 介词的用法 1 介词的种类 in on at to from of with by since after outof throughout towards within without accordingto asto becauseof dueto owingto exceptfor inadditionto bymeansof incaseof insteadof upto regarding including considering 2 介词的用法 marinedieselenginemodel6250isofvertical 4 stroke directinjection low supercharged water cooled mediumspeedtype keepthetemperatureandcoloroftheexhaustgasesinnormalcondition thatmachinewasfoundoutofspareparts 2 介词的用法 theservicepowerofthemainengineat105rpmis12 000b h p fueloilispumpedbymeansofatransferpumpfromthebunkertankstothesettlingtanks andfromthereisusuallyledtothefueloilseparatorwhichdischargestooneofthedailyservicetank chapter8连词 1 连词的种类2 连词的用法 1 连词的种类 and but while or nor both and either or neither nor notonly butalso that whether asfaras asif aslongas hardly when nosooner than sothat additionthat asaresultthat consideringthat seeingthat 2 连词的用法 thefunctionofalubricatingoilisnotonlytolubricatetherunningsurfaces butalsotocarryawayagreatdealofheat don tsmokeorusenakedlightswheninspectingcrankcase onlythefiringstrokeprovidesthepowertodrivetheship whiletheotherthreestrokesrequirepowerfromtheremainingcylinderstoperformtheirvariousduties 2 连词的用法 akeensenseofhearingobtainedfrompracticeisimportant fortheengineoperatorsdependontheirearstodetectabnormalhappeningsintherunninggear eachcylinderofthedieselengineisindependent thereforeitismucheasiertocutoutoneormorecylindersintheeventofpartialbreakdown chapter9动词 1 动词的种类2 动词的基本形式3 动词的用法4 主 谓语一致问题 1 动词的种类 1 实义动词 2 系动词 3 助动词 4 情态动词 1 实义动词 及物动词 要求接宾语 如 raise retain 不及物动词 不要求接宾语 如 rise remain eg1 weraisethetemperature eg2 thetemperaturerisesupto60 c 2 系动词 be appear feel look seem become get remain turn grow eg1 itseemstobeallright eg2 thescavengingportsremainopened 3 助动词 be have shall will do eg1 hehasfinishedcleaning eg2 thepumpisbeingadjustedbythemotorman eg3 idohopeso 4 情态动词 can may must could might need eg1 amarinedieselenginecanbedividedintotwoparts themovingpartsandthefixedparts eg2 thefreshwatergeneratormustnotbeusedinwatercontainingweedorotherimpurities a20mileslimitfromanycoastmustbeobserved 2 动词的基本形式 1 现在式 2 过去式和过去分词 3 现在分词 1 现在式 动词原形 主语是第三人称单数时 现在式要作相应变化 2 过去式和过去分词 check checked checked change changed changed try tried tried stop stopped stopped grind ground ground shrink shrunk shrunkwear wore worn rise rose risen 3 现在分词 working using lying lying beginning stopping 注意 lie lied lied lyinglie lay laid lyinglay laid laid laying 3 动词的用法 healwaysreadstheinstructionbook heisreadingtheinstructionbooknow histaskisreadingtheinstructionbook heneedstoreadtheinstructionbook themanreadingtheinstructionbookisourchiefengineer 4 主 谓语一致问题 boththem v zhengzhouandthem v changfengare25 000tocean goingcargoshipsdesignedandbuiltentirelybychina thestewardandcommissarhascome theyoungmotormanaswellastheothershaslearnedtooperatetheoilseparator 4 主 谓语一致问题 themainenginetogetherwithotherdrivenmachineryisrunningsmoothly neitheraluminiumnorcopperiseasytocorrode 30kilogramsisthemaximumweightforeachpassenger chapter10动词的时态 weusuallyliftoutno 2piston weliftedoutno 2pistonyesterday weshallliftoutno 2pistontomorrow thechiefengineersaidthattheywouldliftoutno 2pistonthenextday chapter10动词的时态 weareliftingoutno 2pistonnow wewereliftingoutno 2pistonwhenthechiefengineercamein wehavealreadyliftedoutno 2piston wehadliftedoutno 2pistonbeforethechiefengineercamein 选择正确的时态 isawapowerfulengineyesterday ihaveneverseensuchapowerfulengine wattinventedthesteamengine watthadinventedthesteamenginebeforethedieselenginewasinvented chapter11动词的语态 no 2pistonisusuallyliftedout no 2pistonwasliftedoutyesterday no 2pistonwillbeliftedouttomorrow thechiefengineersaidthatno 2pistonwouldbeliftedoutthenextday chapter11动词的语态 no 2pistonisbeingliftedoutnow no 2pistonwasbeingliftedoutwhenthechiefengineercamein no 2pistonhasalreadybeenliftedout no 2pistonhadbeenliftedoutbeforethechiefengineercamein 情态动词 被动语态 dieselenginesmaybedividedintotwotypes two strokedieselenginesandfour strokedieselengines turninggearmustnotbeusedtillmainenginehasbeeninspectedandfoundclear maintenancemaybedividedintotwokinds routinemaintenanceandperiodicmaintenance chapter12动词的语气 1 陈述语气2 祈使语气3 假设语气 1 陈述语气 thefreonmachines togetherwiththecondensersandtheseawaterpumps areinstalledinthespeciallydesignedcompartmentwhiletheevaporatorsarelocatedintheicestorageroom usingincontinuousservicezoneincludedbetween42rpmand53rpmisprohibited 1 陈述语气 ifyouraisethetemperature thewaterwillevaporate youmustimproveyourmethodofworkingifyouwanttoraiseefficiency 2 祈使语气 startthemainengine fillthesystembyopeningsuctionanddeliveryvalves don ttouchthemachine lethrepresentthequantityofheatwhichhasbeenconvertedintomechanicalwork letthemnotstarttheengine 3 假设语气 thechiefengineerinsiststhatthecadet should takepartintheoverhaulingofthemainengine hesuggeststhatwe should allgotoseethelargetanker writedownallthesewordslestyou should forgetthem 3 假设语气 iwishicouldwork24hoursaday youspeakasifyouhadbeenthereandseeneverything ifiknewhowtooperatethemachine ishouldnotcometoyou muchlaborwouldhavebeensavedifthecomputershadbeeninventedbefore 3 假设语气 shouldtheenginestopwithoutapparentreason thefollowingpossiblecausesshouldbeinvestigated ificouldhelpyou iwishiknewhowtooperatethemachine 3 假设语气 itis high timeweleft beforedescribingthef12machine itisnecessary required demanded important thatwe should introducesomefactsaboutliquidsandgasesingeneral chapter13非谓语动词 1 不定式2 动名词3 分词 1 不定式 1 不定式的构成 2 不定式的用法 1 不定式的构成 todotobedone tohavedonetohavebeendone 2 不定式的用法 toreadtheinstructionbookisnecessary itisdifficulttostartthemainengine hisworkistomaintainthemainengine theobjectofsuperchargingistoforceairintotheworkingcylindersduringtherechargingportionofthecycle 2 不定式的用法 wedecidedtobegintheoverhaulingoftheengineatonce themotor shiprequiredtotake50tonsoffueladay thisisthespecialtooltoloosenthenuts therearetwopumpstobecleanedandrepairedatonce 2 不定式的用法 theenginerequiresperiodicalcleaningandinspectiontokeepitingoodconditionandalways to fitforservice toensureapropercoolingofthepropulsionengines theengineroomisprovidedwithtwocoolingwatersystems viz afreshwatersystemandasaltwatersystem 2 不定式的用法 heatcausesametaltoexpand theadvantagesofthedieselengineoverthesteamengineenableamotor shiptoloadmorecargothanacorrespondingsteamship 不定式的被动 wehaveinspectedthecargotobeshippedshortly thedatatoberecordedonthissheetenabletheexpertstojudgetheperformanceoftheengine theairreservoirsmustcontainsufficientairtoenabletheenginetobestartedorreversedtwelvetimeswithoutrecharging 特殊结构的不定式 theexhaustgastemperatureishighenoughtochangewaterintosteam theoilpressureistoolowtomovetheturninggear thepistonistooheavytobeliftedoutdirectly themostimportantproblemiswhattodoandhowtodoit 不带 to 的不定式 have let make help notice see hear feel watch等后面接不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语 当这些动词本身处在被动语态时 则仍需保留 to 如 theywillhelpusrepairthemachine weshallbehelpedtorepairthemachine 两个有用的句子 itisimpossibleforustodotheadditionalrepairitemsinsuchashorttime itisnotuncommonforthelubricatingoilfiltertobecloggedupwithdirt 2 动名词 1 动名词的构成 2 动名词的用法 1 动名词的构成 doingbeingdone havingdonehavingbeendone 2 动名词的用法 cleaningthescavengingairreceiverisimportant repairingtheworn outbushisdifficult themotorman sjobischeckingthemainengine theimportantproblemisoverhaulingthegovernor 2 动名词的用法 whenpressureoflubricatingoilhasreducedlowert