英语演讲教程.doc

演讲稿 英语演讲教程 presentationsandpublicspeakinginenglishapresentationisaformaltalktooneormorepeoplethatpresentsideasorinformationinaclear,structuredway.peoplearesometimesafraidofspeakinginpublic,butifyoufollowafewsimplerules,givingapresentationisactuallyveryeasy.thistutorialguidesyouthrougheachstageofgivingapresentationinenglish,fromtheinitialpreparationtotheconclusionandquestionsandanswers.thistutorialisitselfsetoutlikeamini-presentation.preparation canyounamethe3mostimportantthingswhengivinganypresentation?number1is.preparationnumber2is.preparation!number3is.preparation!preparationiseverything!withgoodpreparationandplanningyouwillbetotallyconfidentandlessnervous.andyouraudiencewillfeelyourconfidence.youraudience,too,willbeconfident.theywillbeconfidentinyou.andthiswillgiveyoucontrol.controlofyouraudienceandofyourpresentation.withcontrol,youwillbeinchargeandyouraudiencewilllistenpositivelytoyourmessage.objective beforeyoustarttoprepareapresentation,youshouldaskyourself:whyamimakingthispresentation?doyouneedtoinform,topersuade,totrainortosell?yourobjectiveshouldbeclearinyourmind.ifitisnotclearinyourmind,itcannotpossiblybecleartoyouraudience.audience whoamimakingthispresentationto?sometimesthiswillbeobvious,butnotalways.youshouldtrytoinformyourself.howmanypeople?whoarethey?businesspeople?professionalpeople?politicalpeople?expertsornon-experts?willitbeasmall,intimategroupof4colleaguesoralargegatheringof400petitors?howmuchdotheyknowalreadyandwhatwilltheyexpectfromyou?venue whereamimakingthispresentation?inasmallhotelmeeting-roomoralargeconferencehall?whatfacilitiesandequipmentareavailable?whataretheseatingarrangements?timeandlength whenamimakingthispresentationandhowlongwillitbe?willitbe5minutesor1hour?justbeforelunch,whenyouraudiencewillbehungry,orjustafterlunch,whenyouraudiencewillbesleepy?method howshouldimakethispresentation?whatapproachshouldyouuse?formalorinformal?lotsofvisualaidsoronlyafew?willyouincludesomeanecdotesandhumourforvariety?content whatshouldisay?nowyoumustdecideexactlywhatyouwanttosay.first,youshouldbrainstormyourideas.youwillnodoubtdiscovermanyideasthatyouwanttoincludeinyourpresentation.butyoumustbeselective.youshouldincludeonlyinformationthatisrelevanttoyouraudienceandyourobjective.youshouldexcludeallotherideas.youalsoneedtocreateatitleforyourpresentation(ifyouhavenotalreadybeengivenatitle).thetitlewillhelpyoutofocusonthesubject.andyouwillprepareyourvisualaids,ifyouhavedecidedtousethem.butremember,ingeneral,lessisbetterthanmore(alittleisbetterthanalot).youcanalwaysgiveadditionalinformationduringthequestionsafterthepresentation.structure awellorganisedpresentationwithaclearstructureiseasierfortheaudiencetofollow.itisthereforemoreeffective.youshouldorganisethepointsyouwishtomakeinalogicalorder.mostpresentationsareorganisedinthreeparts,followedbyquestions:beginningshortintroductionweleyouraudience introduceyoursubject explainthestructureofyourpresentation explainrulesforquestions middlebodyofpresentationpresentthesubjectitself endshortconclusionsummariseyourpresentation thankyouraudience invitequestions questionsandanswersnotes whenyougiveyourpresentation,youshouldbe-orappeartobe-asspontaneousaspossible.youshouldnotreadyourpresentation!youshouldbesofamiliarwithyoursubjectandwiththeinformationthatyouwanttodeliverthatyoudonotneedtoreadatext.readingatextisboring!readingatextwillmakeyouraudiencegotosleep!soifyoudonthaveatexttoread,howcanyouremembertosayeverythingyouneedtosay?withnotes.youcancreateyourownsystemofnotes.somepeoplemakenotesonsmall,a6cards.somepeoplewritedownjustthetitleofeachsectionoftheirtalk.somepeoplewritedownkeywordstoremindthem.thenoteswillgiveyouconfidence,butbecauseyouwillhavepreparedyourpresentationfully,youmaynotevenneedthem!rehearsal rehearsalisavitalpartofpreparation.youshouldleavetimetopractiseyourpresentationtwoorthreetimes.thiswillhavethefollowingbenefits:youwillbeemorefamiliarwithwhatyouwanttosay youwillidentifyweaknessesinyourpresentation youwillbeabletopractisedifficultpronunciations youwillbeabletocheckthetimethatyourpresentationtakesandmakeanynecessarymodifications soprepare,prepare,prepare!prepareeverything:words,visualaids,timing,equipment.rehearseyourpresentationseveraltimesandtimeit.isittherightlength?areyoupletelyfamiliarwithallyourillustrations?aretheyintherightorder?doyouknowwhotheaudienceis?howmanypeople?howwillyouanswerdifficultquestions?doyouknowtheroom?areyouconfidentabouttheequipment?whenyouhaveansweredallthesequestions,youwillbeaconfident,enthusiasticpresenterreadytomunicatethesubjectofyourpresentationtoaneageraudience.equipmenteasilyyourmostimportantpieceofequipmentis.you !makesureyoureinfullworkingorder,andcheckyourpersonalpresentationcarefully-ifyoudont,youraudiencewill!theoverheadprojector(ohp)displaysoverheadtransparencies(ohtsorohpts).ithasseveraladvantagesoverthe35mmslideprojector: itcanbeusedindaylight theusercanfacetheaudience theusercanwriteordrawdirectlyonthetransparencywhileinuse thewhiteboard(morerarelyblackboardorgreenboard)isausefuldeviceforspontaneouswriting-asinbrainstorming,forexample.forpreparedmaterial,theohpmightbemoresuitable.thedusterisusedforcleaningthewhiteboard.itisessentialthatthedusterbecleantostartwith.youmayconsidercarryingyourowndusterjustincase.markersareusedforwritingonthewhiteboard(delible-youcanremovetheink)orflipchart(indelible-youcannotremovetheink).theyareusuallyavailableinblue,red,blackandgreen.again,itsagoodideatocarryasparesetofmarkersincaseyouaregivensomeusedoneswhichdonotwritewell.agoodworkmanneverblameshistools.theflipchartconsistsofseveralleavesofpaperthatyoufliporturnover.somepeopleprefertheflipcharttothewhiteboard,butitsuseislimitedtosmallerpresentations.theslideprojector-whichmustbeusedinadarkenedroom-addsacertaindrama.someslideprojectorscanbesynchronisedwithaudioforaudio-visual(av)presentations.theseprojectorsaretypicallyusedforlargerpresentations.themajoritytake35mmslidesortransparencies(asseenhere),butprojectorsfor6x6cmslidesarealsoavailable.transparenciesareprojectedbyanoverheadprojectororaslideprojectorontoascreen-inthiscaseafoldingscreenwhichcanbepackedupandtransported.thenotebookputerisincreasinglybeingusedtodisplaygraphicsduringpresentations.itisoftenusedinconjunctionwithanoverheadprojector,whichactuallyprojectstheimagefromtheputerscreenontothewallscreen.handoutsareanydocumentsorsamplesthatyouhandoutordistributetoyouraudience.notethatitisnotusuallyagoodideatodistributehandoutsbeforeyourpresentation.theaudiencewillreadthehandoutsinsteadoflisteningtoyou.deliverydeliveryreferstothewayinwhichyouactuallydeliverorperformorgiveyourpresentation.deliveryisavitalaspectofallpresentations.deliveryisatleastasimportantascontent,especiallyinamulti-culturalcontext.nerves mostspeakersarealittlenervousatthebeginningofapresentation.soitisnormalifyouarenervous.theansweristopayspecialattentiontothebeginningofyourpresentation.firstimpressionscount.thisisthetimewhenyouestablisharapportwithyouraudience.duringthistime,trytospeakslowlyandcalmly.youshouldperhapslearnyourintroductionbyheart.afterafewmoments,youwillrelaxandgainconfidence.audiencerapport youneedtobuildawarmandfriendlyrelationshipwithyouraudience.enthusiasmiscontagious.ifyouareenthusiasticyouraudiencewillbeenthusiastictoo.andbecarefultoestablisheyecontactwitheachmemberofyouraudience.eachpersonshouldfeelthatyouarespeakingdirectlytohimorher.thismeansthatyoumustlookateachpersoninturn-inasnaturalawayaspossible.thiswillalsogiveyoutheopportunitytodetectsignsofboredom,disinterestorevendisagreement,allowingyoutomodifyyourpresentationasappropriate.yourobjectiveistomunicate! bodylanguage whatyoudonotsayisatleastasimportantaswhatyoudosay.yourbodyisspeakingtoyouraudienceevenbeforeyouopenyourmouth.yourclothes,yourwalk,yourglasses,yourhaircut,yourexpression-itisfromthesethatyouraudienceformsitsfirstimpressionasyouentertheroom.generallyspeaking,itisbettertostandratherthansitwhenmakingapresentation.beawareofandavoidanyrepetitiveandirritatinggestures.beaware,too,thatthemovementofyourbodyisoneofyourmethodsofcontrol.whenyoumovetoorfromthewhiteboard,forexample,youcanmovefastorslowly,raisingorreducingthedynamismwithintheaudience.youcanstandverystillwhiletalkingoryoucanstrollfromsidetoside.whateffectdoyouthinkthesetwodifferentapproacheswouldhaveonanaudience?culturalconsiderations becauseenglishissowidelyusedaroundtheworld,itisquitepossiblethatmanymembersofyouraudiencewillnotbenativeenglish-speakers.inotherwords,theywillnothaveananglo-saxonculture.evenwithintheanglo-saxonworld,therearemanydifferencesinculture.ifwehypotheticallyimagineagermanworkingforanisraelipanymakingapresentationinenglishtoajapaneseaudienceinkorea,wecanseethatthereareevenmorepossibilitiesforculturalmisunderstanding.youshouldtrytolearnaboutanyparticularculturalmattersthatmayaffectyouraudience.thisisonereasonwhypreparationforyourpresentationissoimportant.culturaldifferencescanalsobeseeninbodylanguage,whichwehavejustdiscussed.toalatinfromsouthernfranceoritaly,apresenterwhouseshishandsandarmswhenspeakingmayseemdynamicandfriendly.toanenglishman,thesamepresentermayseemunsureofhiswordsandlackinginself-confidence.voicequality itis,ofcourse,importantthatyouraudiencebeabletohearyouclearlythroughoutyourpresentation.rememberthatifyouturnawayfromyouraudience,forexampletowardsthewhiteboard,youneedtospeakalittlemoreloudly.ingeneral,youshouldtrytovaryyourvoice.yourvoicewillthenbemoreinterestingforyouraudience.youcanvaryyourvoiceinatleastthreeways:speed:youcanspeakatnormalspeed,youcanspeakfaster,youcanspeakmoreslowly-andyoucanstoppletely!youcanpause.thisisaverygoodtechniqueforgainingyouraudiencesattention. intonation:youcanchangethepitchofyourvoice.youcanspeakinahightone.youcanspeakinalowtone. volume:youcanspeakatnormalvolume,youcanspeakloudlyandyoucanspeakquietly.loweringyourvoiceandspeakingquietlycanagainattractyouraudiencesinterest. theimportantpointisnottospeakinthesame,flat,monotonousvoicethroughoutyourpresentation-thisisthevoicethathypnotistsusetoputtheirpatientsintotrance!visualaids ofalltheinformationthatentersourbrains,thevastmajorityofitentersthroughtheeyes.80%ofwhatyouraudiencelearnduringyourpresentationislearnedvisually(whattheysee)andonly20%islearnedaurally(whattheyhear).thesignificanceofthisisobvious:visualaidsareanextremelyeffectivemeansofmunication non-nativeenglishspeakersneednotworrysomuchaboutspokenenglish-theycanrelymoreheavilyonvisualaids itiswellworthspendingtimeinthecreationofgoodvisualaids.butitisequallyimportantnottooverloadyouraudiencesbrains.keeptheinformationoneachvisualaidtoaminimum-andgiveyouraudiencetimetolookatandabsorbthisinformation.remember,youraudiencehaveneverseenthesevisualaidsbefore.theyneedtimetostudyandtounderstandthem.withoutunderstandingthereisnomunication.audiencereaction remaincalmandpoliteifyoureceivedifficultorevenhostilequestionsduringyourpresentation.ifyoureceiveparticularlyawkwardquestions,youmightsuggestthatthequestionersasktheirquestionsafteryourpresentation. languagesaywhatyouaregoingtosay, simplicityandclarity ifyouwantyouraudiencetounderstandyourmessage,yourlanguagemustbesimpleandclear.useshortwordsandshortsentences.donotusejargon,unlessyouarecertainthatyouraudienceunderstandsit.ingeneral,talkaboutconcretefactsratherthanabstractideas.useactiveverbsinsteadofpassiveverbs.activeverbsaremucheasiertounderstand.theyaremuchmorepowerful.considerthesetwosentences,whichsaythesamething:toyotasoldtwomillioncarslastyear. twomillioncarsweresoldbytoyotalastyear. whichiseasiertounderstand?whichismoreimmediate?whichismorepowerful?n1isactiveandn2ispassive.signposting whenyoudriveontheroads,youknowwhereyouareonthoseroads.eachroadhasanameornumber.eachtownhasaname.andeachhousehasanumber.ifyouareathousen100,youcangobackton50orforwardton150.youcanlookatthesignpostsfordirections.andyoucanlookatyouratlasforthestructureoftheroadsindetail.inotherwords,itiseasytonavigatetheroads.youcannotgetlost.butwhenyougiveapresentation,howcanyouraudienceknowwheretheyare?howcantheyknowthestructureofyourpresentation?howcantheyknowwhatisingnext?theyknowbecauseyoutellthem.becauseyouputupsignpostsforthem,atthebeginningandallalongtheroute.thistechniqueiscalledsignposting(orsignalling).duringyourintroduction,youshouldtellyouraudiencewhatthestructureofyourpresentationwillbe.youmightsaysomethinglikethis:illstartbydescribingthecurrentpositionineurope.thenillmoveontosomeoftheachievementswevemadeinasia.afterthatillconsidertheopportunitiesweseeforfurtherexpansioninafrica.lastly,illquicklyrecapbeforeconcludingwithsomeremendations. amemberoftheaudiencecannowvisualizeyourpresentationlikethis:introduction wele explanationofstructure(now) body europe asia africa conclusion summingup remendations hewillkeepthisimageinhisheadduringthepresentation.hemayevenwriteitdown.andthroughoutyourpresentation,youwillputupsignpoststellinghimwhichpointyouhavereachedandwhereyouaregoingnow.whenyoufinisheuropeandwanttostartasia,youmightsay:thatsallihavetosayabouteurope.letsturnno