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初中英语语法知识考查要点 ant05中考英语语法知识考查要点. 名词noun(1) 不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆:男女脚步牙鹅,老鼠孩子虱婆man-men; woman-women; foot-feet;tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mousemice; childchildren; louselice; (2) 单数、复数同形的名词:fish, sheep, deer, chinese, japanese(3) 常用复数形的名词:trousers, shoes, glasses(4) 只有复数形的名词:thanks, clothes(5) 单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词:people, police(6) 记住f(e)结尾的名词复数:妻子wife持刀去宰狼wolf,小偷thief吓得发了慌; 躲在架后保己命,半片树叶leaf遮目光。 (7) 有生命的名词所有格形式:单数名词加s,复数名词加s,不是以s结尾的复数名词加 s,如: childrens room(8) 无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达:the capital of china(9) 表示并列名词各自所有,在各名词词尾加s:如: toms and marys bikes (两人各自的自行车)(10) 表示并列名词共同所有,则在后一个名词的词尾加s:如: tom and marys mother (即tom与mary是兄妹)(11) 关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格:如: ten minutes walk, ten miles journey, a boats length, two pounds weight, ten dollars worth(12) 双重所有格:a friend of my fathers一句话记名词所有格的构成分式和用法:the childrens teacher asked a friend of toms to bring him some students books on the first day of the month. 形容词与副词 adjective & adverb (1) 原级,比较级,最高级词形变化: 单元音单辅音的单音节词 fatfatterfattest thinthinnerthinnest hothotterhottest bigbiggerbiggest 以结尾的双音节词 easyeasiereasiest heavyheavierheaviest prettyprettierprettiest 劣级比较 less形容词副词原级than例: she is less beautiful than mary. 两者之间用比较级,在比较级前加定冠词,三者以上用最高级例: he is the taller of the two.she is the best player of the three. 越越的表达法例: the days are getting hotter and hotter. the more you study, the more you learn. 修饰比较级的词有:much, by far, even, a little, a great deal例: she is much better now.切记不要用比较级来修饰比较级。. 连词 conjunction(1)动词与最近的主语一致(就近原则):这样的连词有: or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also。(2)or的用法: 作或者讲例: you or your friend has to go to the teachers office. 作否则讲例: hurry up, or you will be late for school.(3) and与but:例: he has no money and he is poor.he is poor but he is honest.介词 preposition(1)表示时间:at: 表示某一时间点如: at noonon: 表示特定的日子如: on christmasin: 表示一段不具体的时间如: in the morning, in the second world war 如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on sunday morningduring: 表示期间内的某个时期如: during the night, during the second world warfor: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词如: for three daysthrough: 表示在整个期间没有间歇例: it snowed through the night.till/until: 表示动作持续的终点例:i studied hard till twelve oclock last night. by: 表示动作完成期限例: ill be back by five oclock.since: 表示某动作的起始点例:i have studied english since 时间名词前所用介词的速记歌年月周前要用in,日日期前面却不行。遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。 午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也能行。 at也用在明分前,说“差”可要用上to,说“过”只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记,莫让岁月空蹉跎。 (2) 表示地点:at: 表示较小的地点如: arrived at the school gatein: 表示较大的地点如: arrived in shanghaifor: 表示目的地例: ill leave for shanghai.above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是belowover: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under例: the dog jumped over the table.through: 表示穿过如: through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越例: i want to walk across the road.动词verb(1) 动词的时态: 一般现在时一般现在时的主要用法有两点:其一表示一经常发生的动作,如: i always go to school at seven. 其二表示某一真理,事实,如: the earth moves around the sun. 现在完成时现在完成时的主要用法有两点:其一表示某一动作发生于过去,并持续下来,到现在完成。如: i have studied english for two years. 其二表示某动作发生于过去并已结束,但其影响到现在。如: i havent had my lunch. im hungry now.与现在完成时连用的词语有:yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。其考查要点:其一: have been表示曾经去过,如:i have been to america twice. 说此话的人应已经回到国内。而he has gone to japan.则此人目前已到日本去了。其二: 截止性动词可以有现在完成时,但不可与表示一段长度的词连用,如: the class has begun. the class has been on for five minutes. 一般过去时表示过去的习惯,过去发生的或反复发生的动作。如:who broke the window? in those days, i studied hard at night every day. 与过去时连用的时间状语有:at that time, ago, in 1949,just now (刚才), last night, yesterday 一般将来时纯将来时的表示法: shall/will动词原形例: ill leave for shanghai this evening.表示按计划要做或可能做的事: be going to动词原形例: im going to help you tonight.将来时的特殊表示法. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving例:dont worry. im coming. be about to动词原形 例:hes about to leave, when the phone rings. 状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来例: if it rains tomorrow i wont go to the party. (2) 情态动词:can: 能,会例: he can do it very well.may:许可,可能性例: may i use your pen?must:必要,禁止(多表示主观看法)例:you mustnt play with fire.have to:不得不(多表示客观之事)例: i have to go, because i have a meeting.could与would:二者用于现在时表示语气委婉例:could you help me?(3) be动词用法口诀:我用am,你用are,is连着他/她/它; 单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。 变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记。疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。 不定式 infinitive(1) 不定式在句中作宾语,状语: 例: it has begun to rain.i want to go to the cinema.要求跟不定式作宾补的动词: 劝教命请叫(advise, teach, order, command, ask, tell) 允许又警告(allow, permit, warn) 使役表意向(cause, set, leave, get, wish, want, expect)(2) 不定式与疑问词连用: 例: i want to know how to work. i want to know what to do.(3) 不定式的否定句: 例: he told me not to do it.(4) 省略to的不定式: 例: i saw him come this morning.不定式,不带to,九个动词要记住,一听(hear)二看(see, watch)三感觉(feel, notice, observe),make, let和have;作宾补,是秃头;当主补时要带to.7. 冠词 article(1) 不定冠词的用法: 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of如:a plane is a machine that can fly. 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 如:a boy is waiting for you. 表示“每一”相当于every,one如:we study eight hours a day. 表示“相同”相当于the same如:we are nearly of an age. 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事如:a mr. smith came to visit you when you were out that boy is rather a lei feng. 用于固定词组中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后如:this room is rather a big one. 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后如:she is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.(2) 定冠词的用法: 表示某一类人或物the horse is a useful animal. 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the moon, the pacific ocean 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事如:would you mind opening the door? 用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the greens, the wangs 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前如:he is the taller of the two children. 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前the united states, the communist party of china, the french 用于表示发明物的单数名词前the compass was invented in china. 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s 用于表示单位的名词前 如:i hired the car by the hour. 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前如:he patted me on the shoulder.(3) 零冠词的用法:专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前beijing university, jack, china, love, air名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制i want this book, not that one. / whose purse is this?季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前march, sunday, national day, spring表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前如:lincoln was made president of america.学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 如:he likes playing football/chess.与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night表示泛指的复数名词前 如:horses are useful animals.8. 数词(1)基数词基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scores of people 指许多人;b. 在一些表示一排或一组的词组里;如:they arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。c. 表示几十岁;如:in his forties , he began to learn english.在四十几岁时,他开始学英语。d. 表示年代,用 in +the +数词复数;如: in the 1970s在七十年代e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 three fives is (are) fifteen.(2) 序数词缩写形式: first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st(3) 数词的用法 倍数表示法a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + asi have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length) ofthe earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ thanthe grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍the production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。 分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数如:1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.9. 句型 sentence pattern(1) 宾语从句:由疑问代词或副词引出的宾语从句例: could you tell me where the post office is?could you tell me what he said? (what作said的宾语)由that引出的宾语从句例: they said

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