高考英语一轮复习 语法专项突破 第十讲 主谓一致和特殊句式.doc

第十讲主谓一致和特殊句式一主谓一致一、主谓一致的基础“3原则”主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。1语法一致原则主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。the leader and artist as well as some of our english teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。i think tom，rather than you is to blame for the accident.我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。2就近一致原则(1)由or，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。(2)由there，here引导的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。there are three books and a pen on the desk.桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。3意义一致原则(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。the poet and writer has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。(2)“no/each/every/many a单数名词andno/each/every/many a单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。二、主谓一致的3种特殊情况1“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。2all，the rest，the remaining/part主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。the first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。3“几分之几/百分之几of名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。about one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。典例 (2016全国卷甲语法填空)leaving the less important things until tomorrow _(be) often acceptable.is解析： 句意：把不太重要的事情留到明天是可以接受的。分析句子结构可知，动名词短语leaving the less important things until tomorrow作主语，谓语动词应用单数。故填is。单句语法填空/单句改错1(2017北京四校联考)neither i nor amy _(be) to attend the business conference if we are busy.is解析： 句意：如果我们忙的话，我和埃米就都不去参加商务会议了。neithernor连接两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词与最近的名词或代词保持一致。设空处的单复数形式应与amy一致，根据从句的时态可知应用一般现在时。故填is。2(2017湖南十三校联考)our school along with many other brother middle schools _(be) to take another joint test next month.is解析： 句意：我们学校连同其他很多兄弟学校下个月还要有一次联考。当主语后有along with连接的成分时，谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致，故应与our school一致，所以谓语动词用单数。故填is。3(大纲全国卷)the understanding between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas and trust each other._meanmeans解析： 此处mean所作的成分为谓语，而其主语是动名词understanding。当单个动名词作主语时谓语动词用单数，因此改mean为means。4(2016浙江高考短文改错)he would ask who we was and pretend not to know us._waswere解析： 句意：他会问我们是谁，并且假装不认识我们。ask后的宾语从句的主语是we，所以谓语动词用复数，而主句用了would ask，所以谓语动词用过去时，故改was为were。5(陕西高考)suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the skythey looked like rain！_waswere解析： 此句主语arrows为复数形式，故谓语动词也要用相应的复数形式。二特殊句式1部分倒装(1)当否定词或带有否定意义的词或短语位于句首时，常用部分倒装。这类词或短语有：little，few，never，seldom，rarely，by no means，not only，not until，at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，in no way，no sooner，hardly，scarcely等。we laugh at jokes，but seldom do we think about how they work.我们听到笑话时会笑，但是却很少去考虑它们是如何让我们开怀大笑的。(福建高考)not until he went through real hardship did he realize the love we have for our families is important.直到他经历了真正的困难，他才意识到我们对家人的爱的重要性。(2)当only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时，用部分倒装。(湖南高考单项填空)only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.只有当你找到内心的平静时，你才能与他人保持良好的关系。(3)so/neither/nor置于句首时，用部分倒装。“sobe/助动词/情态动词主语”表示前面所说的肯定情况也适合于另一人或物，意为“也是如此”。ive got an enormous amount of work to do.我有大量的作业要做。so have i.我也如此。“neither/norbe/助动词/情态动词主语”表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物，意为“也不这样”。this is not my story，nor is it the whole story.my story plays out differently.这并不是(关于)我的故事，它也不是故事的全部。我的故事的结局是不同的。(4)在so/suchthat结构中，当“so形容词/副词”或“such名词”位于句首时，用部分倒装。so suddenly did he catch the disease that the whole family were at a great loss.他突然患病，全家人全然不知所措。(5)在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，当从句的表语/状语/动词位于句首时，用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。hard as they tried，they couldnt make her change her mind.尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。2完全倒装(1)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，句子需用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。the moment the bell rang，out rushed the children.铃一响，孩子们冲了出去。(2)当地点状语位于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，为了避免头重脚轻，句子需进行完全倒装。next door to ours live a foreign couple，who seem to have settled into life in china.我们隔壁住着一对外国夫妇，他们看起来已经习惯了中国的生活。1强调句式(1)强调句式的常用结构：陈述句：it is/was被强调部分that/who一般疑问句：is/was被强调部分that/who?特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(被强调部分)is/wasitthat?not until句式：it is/was not untilthatit is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.只有通过倾听和相互理解，孩子和父母之间的问题才可能被解决。(强调方式状语)it was not until twelve oclock last night that i went to bed.昨天晚上我一直到十二点才睡。(2)强调句型可用来强调主语、宾语、状语等，被强调部分如果是人用that/who，如果是物要用that。强调句型最大的特点就是当把其结构it is/wasthat/who去掉之后，剩余部分仍旧结构完整、意义完整。was it yesterday that you met your old friend in the supermarket?你是昨天在超市遇到你的老朋友的吗？2强调谓语动词强调谓语动词时，要在所强调的谓语动词前加助动词do，does或did。the family did manage to send him to a technical school.家里的确设法让他上技术学校。1祈使句祈使句表“请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告”等。基本结构为动词原形开头或let开头。有时为了加强感情色彩或特别指明向谁发出命令或要求时，可以加上you，mary，girls等作为称呼。tom，water the flowers today！汤姆，今天浇花！2反意疑问句反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分用陈述句形式，后一部分是一个附加在前一部分上的简单问句，本着“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则，附加问句部分的动词以及主语取决于陈述句。your parents had a long talk with you last weekend，didnt they?你的父母上周末和你进行了一次长谈，是吗？祈使句的反意疑问句一般用will you或者wont you的形式。lets开头的祈使句，反意疑问句用shall we；let us开头的祈使句，反意疑问句用will you。 3there结构(1)there be/stand(s)/lie(s)有(2)there is no possibility that没有可能性(3)there is no sense of doing sth.做没有意义(4)there seem(s) to be看起来似乎(5)there is no need to do sth.做某事没有必要the public square is an eyecatching sight of the city.there stand many stone sculptures of famous historical figures.大众广场是这个城市引人注目的景点，许多历史名人的石雕像矗立在那里。典例 (2016全国卷甲语法填空)it could be anythinggardening，cooking，music，sportsbut whatever it is，_(make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.make解析： 句意：它可以是任何事情园艺、烹饪、音乐、运动但是无论是什么，确保它是从日常压力中的一种解脱，而不是另外一件让你担心的事情。根据语境可知，此空应使用一般现在时。再进行成分分析，破折号之后为but连接的并列句，whatever it is是让步状语从句，主句为祈使句，所缺词是主句的谓语动词，应使用动词原形。单句语法填空1(2015湖南高考单项填空)it was when we were returning home _ i realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.that解析： 分析句子结构可以得知此句为强调句，故用that。2_ seems to be an intense competition among students to enter a key university.there解析： 此题考查固定句式there seems to be“看起来似乎”。3(2017四川部分名校联测)at the top of the hill _(lie) an old cottage which has a wonderful view of the whole city.lies解析： 表示地点的介词短语位于句首，句子要完全倒装，由has可知为一般现在时。4(2017福建厦门质检)so touching _ the song sound that i couldnt hold my tears back when i heard it for the first time.did解析： 句意：这首歌如此令人感动以至于我第一次听到它时就热泪盈眶。当“so形容词”置于句首时，主句应用部分倒装；根据从句时态可知，应用一般过去时，故填助动词did构成倒装结构。5you should be fully prepared before going walking in the mountain.above all，_(bring) plenty of drinking water with you.bring解析： 分析句子结构可知后一句缺少谓语，此处为祈使句结构。句意：去山里散步之前，你应该作好充分的准备。最重要的是，要带足够多的饮用水。 单句语法填空1(2017江苏建陵中学质检)no one in the department but tom and i _(know) that the director is going to resign.knows解析： 句意：除了我和汤姆，部门里没人知道经理即将辞职。主语后有but连接的成分时，谓语动词的单复数与no one一致，由is going to确定用一般现在时。2(2017湖南益阳箴言中学模拟)he has donated some money to those who live in poverty，which _(be) of great help.is 解析： 句意：他给那些生活贫困的人捐了一些钱，这帮了大忙。which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，指代前面主句的内容，故从句谓语动词应用单数；根据空前的has donated可知此处应用一般现在时。故填is。3(2017湖南师大附中月考)professor james will give us a lecture on western culture，and he as well as his assistants _(be) to arrive by air.is解析： 句意：詹姆斯教授将给我们做一次关于西方文化的演讲，他和他的助理将乘飞机到达。主语后有as well as连接的成分时，谓语动词的单复数形式要与主语保持一致。4in a lecture hall of a university in england _(sit) a professor yesterday.sat解析： 表地点的介词短语位于句首需要倒装，由于动作已发生故用过去式。5so clearly _ he speak english that he can always make himself understood.does解析： 本句是sothat句型的倒装结构，句子主语为he，根据后半部分的can可知需用一般现在时。6every day _(read) a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.read解析： 祈使句往往以动词(短语)原形开头，表示“建议、要求”等含义。句意：每天大声读几遍格言，直到你记住它为止。7if _(ask) to look after luggage for someone else，inform the police at once.asked解析： 本句补全为：if you are asked to由此可知句子的主语you与谓语动词ask之间为被动关系，故用过去分词。8(天津高考)it was not until near the end of the letter _ she mentioned her own plan.that解析： 此句为含有not until的强调句式，故答案为that。句意：直到快接近信的结尾处她才提到了她自己的计划。9(2017湖南怀化一模)more than one doctor _(be) involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.was解析： 句意：许多医生都加入到了震后的营救工作中。“more than one可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据从句用一般过去时可知，主句也应用一般过去时。故填was。10(全国卷)it was only after he had read the papers _ mr. gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.that解析： 去掉了it was及设空处之后，句子结构仍然完整，由此可见，此句是对only修饰的时间状语从句的强调。句意：只有在读了这些文件之后，格罗斯先生才意识到他面临的任务很难完成。11(2017山东部分重点中学第二次联考)yes，of course they celebrate christmas here，and there are obviously displays in shops and christmas markets，but _ seem to be no signs of christmas adverts.there解析： 句意：当然他们在这里庆祝圣诞节，而且很显然商店和圣诞节市场里有很多展览品，但是似乎没有圣诞广告的迹象。考查there be句型，be动词可用lie，exist，seem，remain等替代。12on top of the hill _(stand) a temple，which dates back to the ages of the song dynasty.stands解析： 考查倒装句。句意：在山顶上有一座寺庙，它始建于宋朝。表示地点的介词短语位于句首，句子要完全倒装；句子主语是a temple，stand要用第三人称单数形式。 单句改错1(浙江高考)good night and remember，you，dear diary，is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend._isare解析： 考查主谓一致，该句主语为you，故谓语动词应用are。2in all his life，dickens wrote a large number of excellent novels，of which some is still popular nowadays._isare解析： 句意：在狄更斯的一生中，他写了