高考英语一轮复习 精细化学通语法 第四讲 形容词、副词讲义.doc

第四讲 形容词、副词形容词(一)形容词的构成1动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀后缀例词ableacceptacceptable 可接受的comfortcomfortable 舒适的fashionfashionable 时髦的suitsuitable 合适的reasonreasonable 有道理的almusicmusical音乐的originoriginal 最初的personpersonal 个人的；私人的centercentral 中央的；中心的naturenatural 自然的；天生的fuldoubtdoubtful 怀疑的forgetforgetful 健忘的harmharmful 有害的hopehopeful 有希望的peacepeaceful 和平的edscarescared 感到恐惧的confuseconfused 感到困惑的underlineunderlined 下划线的ingsurprisesurprising 令人惊异的convinceconvincing 令人信服的satisfysatisfying 令人满意的ibleaccessaccessible 容易取得的horrorhorrible 可怕的；恐怖的terrorterrible 可怕的iveactactive 积极的；活跃的effecteffective 有效的；生效的attractattractive 有吸引力的impressimpressive 给人深刻印象的ouscontinuecontinuous不断的；持续的anxietyanxious 忧虑的cautioncautious 十分小心的；谨慎的curiositycurious 好奇的humorhumorous 幽默的sometiretiresome令人厌倦的troubletroublesome 麻烦的ytastetasty美味的；可口的healthhealthy 健康的wealthwealthy 富裕的；丰富的erneasteastern 东方的；向东的ishchildchildish孩子气的foolfoolish 愚蠢的；可笑的selfselfish 自私的名师指津ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到的”，通常修饰人；ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人的”，通常修饰物或事。2复合形容词的构成构成方式例词形容词名词edgoodtempered好脾气的kindhearted 好心肠的形容词现在分词goodlooking长相好看的easygoing 容易相处的副词现在分词hardworking 努力工作的farreaching(影响)深远的；广泛的名词现在分词peaceloving爱好和平的englishspeaking讲英语的名词过去分词stateowned国有的heartfelt 衷心的副词过去分词wellknown 著名的widespread 分布广泛的形容词过去分词readymade做好的，现成的名词形容词selfconfident 自信的selfsatisfied 自我满足的(二)形容词的功能1作定语修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征等。these are valuable suggestions.这些是宝贵的建议。2作表语与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征。his suggestions are very valuable.他的建议很有价值。3作补足语说明宾语或主语的性质、状态或特征。i consider his suggestion very valuable.我认为他的建议很有价值。4作状语主要表示原因、伴随等。he returned home, safe and sound.他回到了家，安然无恙。(三)形容词的位置1形容词短语作定语，须后置。this is a book suitable for children.这是一本适合孩子们的书。there is a huge room, simple and beautiful.有一个大房间，简单且漂亮。2表语形容词(afraid, alike, alone, asleep, awake, alive等)作定语，须后置，如a man alive。有些表示身体健康状况的形容词如well, faint, ill只作表语；sick既可作表语又可作定语。ill如果不是表示身体健康状况，而是表示类似bad(不好的)的意思时，通常只作定语。hes been ill since then.从那时以来他一直病着。by ill luck, my flight had been cancelled.不幸的是，我的航班被取消了。3形容词用作定语，修饰由不定代词one，no，any，some和every构成的复合词如anything，something等时，通常后置。i have something important to tell you.我有重要的事情要告诉你。4else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。who else wants to go there?还有谁想去那儿？5当含有old, long, high, wide, deep等词的数量词短语作定语时，需后置。at that time she was only a girl five years old.那时她只是一个五岁的女孩。6多个形容词作定语的排列顺序几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定词(包括冠词、所有格、人称代词、指示代词、数词等)观点词(品质、状态，即表示好、坏、美、丑等的词)形状或样式词(大小、长短或高低词)年龄或新旧词颜色词产地或来源词材料或种类词用途词名词。a heavy black chinese steel umbrella对点练1用所给词的适当形式填空he spoke to me in english and started explaining his past life when he was healthy (health)the us. foreign service institute points out that it will take a native english speaker 2,200 hours to reach professional (profession) fluency in chinese.some politicians have been quick to describe the event as simple violent (violence) action.during the interview, you should present your views very clearly, wearing a sincere and confident (confidence) smile.for some reason he sat beside mary. mary felt pleased (please), because there were many empty seats in the room.副词(一)副词的构成1形容词变副词的后缀一般在形容词后加ly可变成相应意义的副词直接加ly slow慢的slowly缓慢地变y为ilyhappy高兴的happily高兴地去e加lytrue真的truly真地2.意义有别的同根副词不以ly结尾的副词和含义以ly结尾的副词和含义high 在高处；高highly 高度地；很；非常wide广阔地；充分地widely广泛地；普遍地deep深深地deeply深刻地；深沉地free免费地freely自由地；畅通地close接近；紧挨着closely仔细地；紧密地 hard努力地hardly几乎不late迟，晚lately近来near在附近nearly几乎，差不多名师指津下列单词以ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively, lonely, lovely, deadly, friendly, ugly, silly, likely, brotherly, timely等。(二)副词的句法功能和位置副词作状语说明动作性质或状态的特征，常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子等。副词还可以作表语、定语和补足语。1enough修饰名词前置或后置均可；修饰形容词、动词或副词时，必须后置。he is old enough to go to school.他年龄大了，足可以上学了。2几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。we had a good time together outdoors last sunday.我们上周星期天在户外一起玩得很愉快。3频度副词如often, always, usually等放在be动词后、行为动词前。she is always in time for class.她总是及时来上课。4副词作定语，须后置。the person there is waiting for you.那儿的那个人正在等你。(三)句子副词的用法有些副词并不修饰动词，而是修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法，这类副词叫句子副词。常见的句子副词有：(1)表递进：besides, further, then, moreover等。(2)表结果：therefore, consequently, accordingly, thus等。(3)表转折：though, instead, otherwise, however等。(4)表等同：similarly, equally等。(5)表对比：rather, oppositely等。(6)表概括：altogether, generally等。(7)表列举：first(ly), second(ly), finally等。(8)表同位：namely等。(9)表时间：meanwhile, sometimes, occasionally等。(10)表特指：mainly, mostly, particularly, especially等。i dont like it; besides, its too expensive.我不喜欢它，而且它太贵了。playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. isnt it a rather risky, though?在结冰的运动场地上玩耍听起来很有趣，然而，这难道不是太冒险吗？对点练2用所给词的适当形式填空this math problem is easy and i can work it out easily.(easy)there was a strong wind last night, and it blew strongly.(strong)the boys have a happy time, and theyre playing happily.(happy)the beautiful girl sings very beautifully.(beautiful)finally (final), you need to find other ways to earn extra money to pay for your college fees.比较等级(一)形容词与副词比较等级的构成形容词和副词的比较等级分为：原级、比较级和最高级。原级即形容词和副词的原形。比较级和最高级的词形变化分规则变化和不规则变化两种。1规则变化词形分类及变化构成原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般加er或esttalllongtallerlongertallestlongest以e结尾的，只加r或stnicefinenicerfinernicestfinest以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母再加er 或 estbighotfatbiggerhotterfatterbiggesthottestfattest以“辅音字母y”结尾的，先变y为i再加er或esthappyeasyhappiereasierhappiesteasiest其他双音节词和多音节词在前面加more或mostdifficultbeautifulmoredifficultmore beautifulmost difficultmost beautiful名师指津表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent, extreme, perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。2不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad(badly)/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest(二)形容词与副词比较等级的用法1平级比较(1)用as .as ., not .as/so . as引导henry is a worker as good as peter (is)亨利和彼得一样都是好工人。henry does not have as/so many books as i have.亨利的书不如我的多。(2)as形容词as数量词 数量词形容词the building is as tall as 100 meters.the building is 100 meters tall.这幢楼有100米高。2表示比较的特殊结构(1)表示一方不及另一方时，用“less原级than”结构。this computer is less expensive than mine.这台电脑没有我的贵。(2)表示一方程度随另一方程度平行变化时，用“the比较级，the比较级”，意为“越就越”。the busier he is, the happier he feels.他越忙就越感到高兴。(3)不与其他事物相比较，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级and比较级”结构，意为“越来越”。our school is becoming more and more beautiful.我们学校变得越来越漂亮了。(4)表示“和一样不”时，用“no比较级than”结构。you are no taller than i.你和我一样矮。(5)注意下列短语的使用：more than意为“超过；不止，不仅仅；非常”。there are more than fifty students in the class.这个班有50多个学生。(more than意为“超过”时多与数词连用)peace is much more than the absence of war.和平不仅仅意味着没有战争。(more than意为“不仅仅”时多与名词连用)she is more than selfish.她非常自私。(more than意为“非常”时多与形容词连用)more . than .意为“与其说不如说”。she is more careless than stupid.与其说她笨，还不如说她粗心大意。not more than“至多”。i have not more than ten books in my bag.我书包里的书不多于10本。no more than“只有”。i have no more than ten books in my bag.我的书包里仅有10本书。less than“少于”。it had cost tom less than five dollars.汤姆花了不到五美元买了这件东西。no less than“有之多”。no less than a thousand people came.来的人竟有一千人之多。not less than“至少”。he is not less than 80 years old.他至少80岁了。3比较级形式表示最高级意义的表达方式i have never spent a more worrying day.这是我度过的最令人焦虑的一天。i cant agree more.我完全同意。he is better at english than anything else.他最擅长英语。every morning he arrives earlier than any other student in the class.every morning he arrives earlier than all the other students in the class.every morning he arrives earlier than anyone else in the class.every morning he arrives earlier than any of the other students in the class.every morning he arrives earlier than the rest of students in the class.每天早上他都是班里来得最早的学生。名师指津某些以ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有：inferior (劣等的，次的)，superior(较好的，优于)，junior (资历较浅的)，senior (资格较老的)等。he is superior to mr.zhang in chemistry.他在化学上比张老师优秀。4最高级的句型(1)形容词最高级(名词)表示范围的状语she is the most active student in our class.她是我们班最活跃的学生。(2)one of形容词最高级名词复数shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.上海是我国最大的城市之一。(3)序数词形容词最高级名词africa is the second largest continent in the world.非洲是世界上第二大洲。5比较级和最高级的修饰