高考英语一轮复习 第二部分 重点语法突破 专题一 有提示词填空 第四讲 动词时态和语态讲义 新人教版.doc

第四讲动词时态和语态part 真题变式体验12017北京高考in the 1950s in the usa, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _ (invent) yet.答案：hadnt been invented由yet可知，and后的句子要用完成时，且表示invent这一动作在“most families had . ”这一过去的动作之前尚未发生。故用过去完成时的否定式。又因phones与invent之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。句意：在20世纪50年代的美国，大多数家庭仅有一部电话，无线电话还没有被发明出来。22016北京高考the students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _ (reward) with success in the end.答案：will be rewarded由and连接两个并列的句子可知，设空处应为后一句的谓语。根据句意及时间状语in the end判断设空处需用一般将来时。their efforts与reward之间为被动关系，因而用被动语态。故填will be rewarded。32017天津高考i _ (drive) down to london when i suddenly found that i was on the wrong road.答案：was drivingbe doing . when . 是固定句式，表示“正在做这时”。42017江苏高考he hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _ (follow)答案：was being followed这里if引导的宾语从句用过去进行时表示过去某一时刻(hurried home)正在进行的动作。又因he与follow之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。句意：他匆忙回家了，一次也不曾回头看看有没有人在跟踪他。52017江苏高考hes been informed that he _ (qualify) for the scholarship because of his academic background.答案：doesnt qualify本空的谓语动词qualify在这里用作不及物动词，表示“有资格，有权利”，这里并不表示延续性的动作，而是说明“他不合格”这一实际情况，因此用一般现在时的否定式doesnt qualify。句意：他被告知，因为他的学术背景，他没资格获得这笔奖学金。62017全国卷sarah _ (tell) that she could be britains new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.答案：was told/has been told根据语境可知，此处可单纯表述sarah被告知这一发生于过去的事情，用一般过去时；或者也可以表述这一动作的发生对现在的影响，用现在完成时。72016北京高考i _ (read) half of the english novel, and ill try to finish it at the weekend.答案：have read句意：这本英文小说我已经读了一半了，我将尽力在周末把它读完。根据句意可知，动作read发生在过去，对现在产生了影响，故用现在完成时。82016江苏高考dashan, who _ (learn) crosstalk, the chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the western standup tradition.答案：has been learning根据句意以及时间状语for decades可知，学习这一动作从过去一直延续到了现在，并且现在还在进行，应用现在完成进行时。主语dashan为第三人称单数，故答案为has been learning。92016浙江高考silk_ (become) one of the primary goods traded along the silk road by about 100 bc.答案：had become根据句中的时间状语by about 100 bc可知，become动作发生在“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。102016江苏高考more efforts, as reported, _ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supplyside structural reform.答案：will be made根据in the years ahead可知，动作发生在将来，故用一般将来时。主语more efforts与make之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。综上所述，答案为will be made。part 语篇真题演练阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。2017浙江高考last october, while tending her garden in mora, sweden, lena pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _56_ (carrot) and was about to throw them away. but something made her look closer, and she noticed a _57_ (shine) object. yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her longlost wedding ring.pahlsson screamed _58_ loudly that her daughter came running from the house. “she thought i had hurt _59_ (i)，” says pahlsson.sixteen years _60_ (early), pahlsson had removed the diamond ring _61_ (cook) a meal. when she wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone. she suspected that one of her three daughtersthen ten, eight, and sixhad picked it up, but the girls said they hadnt. pahlsson and her husband _62_ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. “i gave up hope of finding my ring again，” she says. she never replaced it.pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got _63_ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _64_ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. for pahlsson, its return was _65_ wonder.56_57._58._59._60_61._62._63._64_65._step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。本文是一篇记叙文。讲述的是丢失多年的钻戒竟然在主人打理花园时不经意地出现了。这令主人激动并惊喜不已。step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。56carrots考查名词的复数。a handful of “一把，几个”，后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful of carrots “一把胡萝卜”。57shiny/shining考查词性转换。空格处修饰名词object，故用形容词。shine的形容词形式为shiny或shining，意为“闪闪发光的”。58so考查副词。分析句子结构可知，so与后面的that构成句型so . that .，意为“如此以至于”。so修饰副词loudly。59myself考查反身代词。句意：她原本以为我伤到了自己。60earlier考查副词的比较级。sixteen years earlier “早在16年前”。61to_cook考查非谓语动词。丽娜当时摘掉钻戒的目的是做饭，故用动词不定式表目的。62searched考查动词的时态。该句中but后的turned up使用了一般过去时，search是与之并列的谓语动词，故也应使用一般过去时。63swept考查过去分词。get swept “被扫掉”；getdone相当于be done含义。64where考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the garden，且从句缺少地点状语，故用where引导该定语从句。65a考查冠词。a wonder “一个奇迹”。step 3：代入验证。需保证语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，这样才能确保万无一失。知识清单(1)熟知八种基本时态的构成；(2)八种基本时态的用法及重点；(3)一般过去时与现在完成时用法上的侧重点；(4)被动语态的基本形式；(5)被动语态中的特殊情况；(6)与时态相关的固定句式结构。学情分析考生在动词时态和语态的学习过程中存在着以下几点问题：(1)不能熟练掌握时态的基本类型；(2)不清楚不规则动词的过去式及过去分词形式；(3)主被动意识淡，不能准确使用被动语态；(4)在使用时态时，全凭所谓的语感去判断，写出来的句子时态混乱，没有时态观念，没有章法可言。考点1一般现在时(do/does)1表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象as is known to us, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.众所周知，太阳东升西落。2表示习惯性、经常性的动作或经常存在的状态some senior 3 students get up at 5：20 every day including sunday.一些高三学生每天5：20起床，包括星期日。3在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来if city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard.如果日益增加的城市噪音得不到控制，人们将不得不大声叫喊以被听到。4表示按时刻表、计划规定要发生的动作常见的动词有：come, go, leave, begin, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。the plane takes off at 2：30 every wednesday and friday.飞机每星期三和星期五2：30起飞。典题12017四川成都诊断its probable that the rocket _ (date) from about 2,000 years ago in china.答案dates根据语义可知，此处表示客观事实故用一般现在时，且主语是单数，故填dates。注意不要被2,000 years ago所误导，且date from不用于被动语态。典题22017天津高考during these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water_ (run) over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.答案runs句子中until引导的是一个时间状语从句，在时间状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来。考点2一般过去时(did)1表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(时间比较具体)或上下文语境有暗示i taught english in xian for half a year. i felt very tired. when i got home, i went straight to bed.我在西安教了半年英语，我感到非常累。当我回到家时，直接上床睡觉了。2描述过去时间中发生的一系列事件he went to the supermarket, bought some eggs and returned home.他去超市，买了些鸡蛋就回家了。3原来没有意料到，没有想到的事excuse me. i didnt realize i was blocking your way.对不起。我没意识到挡了你的路。4固定句式(1)its high time that sb. did sth.“是某人该做某事的时候了”。its high time we did something about environmental protection.到了我们保护环境的时候了。(2)“would rather主did .”表示与现在或将来事实相反的情况。i would rather you came here tomorrow morning.我宁愿你明天上午来这儿。注意：一般过去时中的动作在过去某时间已经停止，只是强调过去的动作或状态，与现在没有任何关系。典题32017江苏淮海中学期中as you know, i have just returned from my holidays in athens, where i _ (stay) for a fortnight.答案stayed根据语境可以判断此处表述过去发生的动作“我在那停留了两周”，因此应用一般过去时。典题42018北京海淀区期末jack, you look so great!thanks! i have lost 20 pounds since i _ (hire) my personal trainer six years ago.答案hired根据since从句中six years ago可知，应用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。考点3完成时(have/ has/ had done)1现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now, so far, already, yet, recently, in the past few years, just等表示时间的词(短语)，或since引导的状语从句(从句中使用一般过去时)连用。his first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一本小说自从上个月出版以来就受到好评。(2)用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。when shall we restart our business?not until we have finished our plan.什么时候我们重新开始我们的事业？直到我们已完成我们的计划。(3)在“it/this/thatis/will bethe first/second/third . timethat从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。this is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.这是我们全家第一次到电影院看电影。(4)在“it/this/that is the best/worst/mostadj.名词从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。it is the most instructive lecture that i have attended since i came to this school.这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。2过去完成时(1)某些动词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算”。这类动词主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。i had intended to call on you yesterday, but i had an unexpected visitor.我本来打算昨天去看望你，但我有一个不速之客。i had meant to help you, but i was too busy at the moment.我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。(2)过去完成时是一个相对的时态，考生做题时关键看该动作是否发生在题干中所给的过去的动作或过去的时间之前，如果是就用过去完成时。last month, the japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they had received from china.上个月，日本政府对从中国得到的援助表示感谢。what a mistake!yes, i had suggested his doing it another way, but without success.愚蠢的错误！是的，我已建议他换种方式做，但没成功。(3)by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。by the time jack returned home from england, his son had graduated from college.杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。(4)在hardly/scarcely . when ., no sooner . than . 句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。意思为“一就”。hardly/no sooner had i got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。3将来完成时将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before将来时间”或“by将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。by her next birthday, ann will have been married for twenty years.到下次生日时，安已结婚20年了。典题52017江苏盐城期中nowadays a strange, new dilemma faces chinese pedestrians: should you help an eldly person who _ (fall) into the street?答案has fallen此处语境表示老人已经摔倒，强调已经完成并结合nowadays可知应该用现在完成时，故填has fallen。典题62017全国卷i got a rescue call from a woman in muttontown. she _ (find) a young owl on the ground. 答案had found根据前面的句子的谓语got可知， 本句中的find的动作发生在got之前， 属于“过去的过去”， 因此填had found。典题72018浙江温州十校联考i hear that jason is planning to buy a new car.i know. by next month, he _ (save) enough for a used one.答案will have saved根据语境可知，此处表示到下个月之前，他将攒够买一辆旧车的钱。此处应用将来完成时will have saved。考点4进行时(be doing)1现在进行时高考题对现在进行时的考查往往是在具体的语境中进行的。若不给出具体的时间状语，则要求考生能够通过语境判断出该动作正在进行。现在进行时常用来表示：(1)说话时正在发生着的一个动作。hurry up! mark and carol are expecting us.快点！马克和卡罗尔正等着咱们呢。(2)发生在现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作。the water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers are repairing one of the main pipes.因为工人们正在修其中一条主管道，所以供水系统临时被切断。teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.青少年们正在损害自己的健康，因为他们玩电脑游戏玩得太多了。(3)近期特定的安排或计划。ive won a holiday for two days to florida.i am taking my mum.我获得了一次去佛罗里达度假两天的机会。我计划带着我妈妈去。2过去进行时(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。the manager was worried about the press conference his assistant was giving in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly.经理为其助理代他举行记者会而担心，然而幸运的是，一切进展顺利。i dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.im so sorry. but i was doing my homework.我不明白你昨天下午为什么没去听讲座。我很抱歉，但我当时在做作业。(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中表示过去发生的动作，用一般过去时，常出现在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。the reporter said that the ufo was traveling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说，当他看到时，不明飞行物正在自东向西飞行。3现在完成进行时(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.在过去的三个月里，汤姆一直每晚都在图书馆工作。i have to see the doctor because i have been coughing a lot lately.因为我最近一直咳嗽得厉害，所以我必须去看医生。(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。where have you been？we have been looking for you everywhere.你刚才去了哪里？我们一直在到处找你。4将来进行时将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。daniels family will be enjoying their holiday in huangshan this time next week.丹尼尔的一家人下星期这个时候将在黄山度假。guess what, weve got our visas for a shortterm visit to the uk this summer.how nice! you will be experiencing a different culture then.你猜怎么着，我们已经得到了暑假去英国旅行的短期签证。太好了！那时你们将体验不同的文化。5固定句式be doing . when . 表示“正在做某事情时，这时另一件事情发生了”。i was wandering in the street when i came across a friend of mine.我在街道上闲逛时，这时遇到我的一个朋友。典题82017重庆一诊leave me alone. i _ (write) an article all the afternoon and havent finished yet.答案have been writing根据时间状语all the afternoon及havent finished可知，应填现在完成进行时，表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作。典题92018北京朝阳区统考have you received a reply to your job application?no. i _ (wait)答案am waiting根据语境可知，“我”没有收到任何求职申请的答复，因此应该是正在等。且对话发生在当前，应用现在进行时，故填am waiting。典题102018浙江高复学校联考she _ (phone) someone, so i nodded to her and went away.答案was phoning从语境可知，“我”走开是因为她正在打电话。再根据句中的nodded和went away所体现的时态可知，应用过去进行时。故填was phoning。考点5将来时除了“will/shall动词原形”可以表示一般将来时，以下几种形式也可表示将来意义。1be going to dobe going to do结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象。im going to gather some material about picasso.我打算搜集一些有关毕加索的材料。its going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow.明天将会是冲浪的好天气。2be doing有这种用法的主要是一些表示位置转移的动词，如：go, come, leave, start, begin, run, leave, stay, do, take等。这种将来意义往往指安排好要做的事情，很少变更。im flying to beijing tomorrow.明天我要坐飞机去北京。shes leaving early tomorrow morning.明天一早她就要动身出发。3be to do这种结构表示按计划约定或按职责、义务、要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。the engineer is to visit our factory next week.那位工程师下周来参观我们工厂。the meeting is to take place early tomorrow.会议明天一早召开。4be about to do这一结构用于表示客观上马上就要发生的事，一般不与具体的时间状语连用。dont go out. were about to have dinner.别出去了，我们很快就吃饭了。the new school year is about to begin.新学年开学在即。注意：be going to与will都表将来，二者主要区别如下：(1)will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事，不含任何具体时间，可以指遥远的将来，而be going to指有迹象表明即将发生或肯定会发生的事。there is going to be a quarrel between them, i think.我想两人要争吵了。(2)be going to和will均可表示“意图”；但事先考虑过的意图用be going to，不是事先考虑的意图用will，即临时决定。sorry, i forgot to buy the book you need.it doesnt matter. i will go myself.对不起，我忘了买你需要的书了。没关系，我自己去吧。典题112017四川资阳诊断the firefighter survived this time, but no one knows what _ (happen) next time.答案will happen根据next time可知，此处谓语应用一般将来时，且表示一种临时性的而非事先计划和安排将会发生的动作，故填will happen。典题122018江苏启东中学期末one of the firms i applied to has offered me a job but i _ (keep) my options open until i hear from the others.答案am keeping句意：我申请的几家公司中有一家同意提供给我一份工作，但我想等另外几家公司有了回音后再作决定。此处用现在进行时表示将来，强调计划，打算。考点6动词语态在英语中要强调动作的承受者时，使用被动语态。在考查动词方面，这也是重点考查内容之一，因此，考生遇到有关动词的考查点时，要先判断时态，然后还要考虑语态，即：主语与该动词之间是主动关系还是被动关系。1各种基本时态的被动语态构成“be过去分词”为基本构成，只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态，除“be过去分词”外，还有“get/become过去分词”。如下表：被动语态的构成(以write为例)注意：英语中只有及物动词(短语)有被动语态，不及物动词(短语)无被动语态。great changes have taken place in my hometown since 1978.1978年以来，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。此处take place无被动语态。all the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.所有的申请人在当局做最终决定前都要面试。此处applicants与interview之间是被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。2主动形式表被动(1)“系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等形容词”构成系表结构。the steel feels cold.钢铁摸起来很凉。his plan proved (to be) practical.他的计划被证明很实用。food can keep fresh in a fridge.食物在冰箱里能保鲜。(2)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如：read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink等。这类动词一般不单独使用，后面常跟一个副词作修饰语。this coat dries easily.这件外套容易干。nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。your essay reads well.你的文章读起来不错。this material has worn thin.这料子已经磨薄了。the match wont catch.这根火柴擦不着。the engine wont start.这个引擎发动不起来。典题132017江苏大丰市期末the vegetable looking fresh in his field _ (sell) well. its often sold out immediately it appears in the market.答案sells根据语境可知，此处表示事物本身的属性。即：蔬菜很畅销。此时不用被动语态，用主动语态表被动含义，故此处填sells。典题142018江苏五校联考could you say something about turkeys downing of the russian fighter jet?sorry. it _ (investigate) by a group of experts and will be made clear the moment they get the answer.答案is being investigated根据下文“will be made clear the moment they get the answer”可知，调查正在进行中，且investigate与主语之间为被动关系，故应填is being investigated。 典题152018浙江十校联考the results of the final examination _ (make) known to the students soon.答案will be made主语the results of the final examination和make之间是被动关系，且根据soon可知，此空应用一般将来时的被动语态。no.1解题步骤1.根据语境或具体时间状语确定时态，之后判断主语与谓语之间的主、被动关系。2注意所填形式要与整个语境发生的时间一致且符合逻辑，同时保证主谓一致。no.2解题技巧谓语动词的用法是语法填空题的必考点。重点考查的是时态，且多与语态一起考查。时态理解错误在考生中是常见的。解题时要注意以下几点：(1)判断用哪种时态(根据具体的语境、时间状语或另一动词的时间状语)。(2)判断用主动语态还是被动语态。(3)注意谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。(4)注意不规则动词的拼写。特别提示：某些动词，如：read, write, sell, wash, wear, lock, dry等可用主动语态表示被动意义，通常表明主语的某种属性或特征，一般带有一个副词(如：easily, well, smoothly等)作修饰语。your pen writes smoothly.你的钢笔写起来流畅。典题12018正定一中月考the japanese diet consists mainly of rice and seafood, and it often_ (require) many milk products.答案doesnt require前一分句中的谓语动词consists属于一般现在时， 后面的分句和前面的分句时态保持一致，同时结合语义，表示否定，因此填doesnt require。典题22017辽宁实验中学模拟you will need to bring a government form sent to you by your american school that shows you _ (accept)答案have been accepted主句中的时态是一般将来时，根据句意，这个政府表格表明你已经被录用了， 因此这里使用现在完成时的被动语态。1.语法填空对时态和语态的考查，一般都是通过一个具体的语言环境来考查考生分析问题的能力，因此做题时，首先要定位整篇文章的主时态，然后分析主语与谓语之间的主、被动关系，兼顾考虑主谓一致。2熟练掌握固定句式结构中的时态形式也是正确解题的关键之一。3在平时阅读时多关注动词的不同时态形式变化，揣摩各种语言环境，以求达到熟能生巧的效果。总之，时态是语法填空中考查的一个重点，也是难点，关键一环便是准确把握动作发生的时间。建议用时：20分钟part .单句语法填空12018山东济宁模拟long ago hongbao _ (see) as a means of protecting children from evil spirits.答案：was seen根据long ago这一时间状语可知，此处应用一般过去时，而且see与hongbao之间为被动关系，主语为单数，故填was seen。22017山西太原期末the reason for this is that britains supermarkets _ (experience) huge changes in the past decade.答案：have experienced根据时间状语in the past decade可知，该句应用现在完成时，主语为复数，且和experience之间为主动关系，故填have experienced。32018安徽合肥质检you look so tired and pale. anything wrong?i hate to complain, but a new road _ (build) throughout the night.答案：is being built根据语境可知是现在的时间，整晚在修路，且road与build之间为被动关系，应用现在进行时的被动语态。故填is being built。42017安徽安庆一中模拟id like a bike which _ (ride) well.will this one do?答案：rides定语从句中的时态与主句时态一致，且根据语境可知，从句讲述的是自行车的特性，应用一般现在时且用主动形式表被动含义。故填rides。52017浙江杭州二中调研at that point i didnt feel anything; adrenaline (肾上腺素)_ (take) over.答案：had taken根据前面的句子中的谓语时态是didnt feel, 属于一般过去时。结合语境，take over表示的动作发生在didnt feel之前，故填had taken。62018蚌埠二中联考english_(change) and developed when cultures met and communicated with each other over the past centuries.答案：has changed根据语境和时间状语ov